NEPOLEON INVADED RUSSIA1812 - DEADLY SOLDIERS REMAINS BURIED AFTER 209 YEARS

 

NEPOLEON INVADED RUSSIA1812 - DEADLY SOLDIERS REMAINS BURIED AFTER 209 YEARS

நெப்போலியன் படையெடுப்பு: இறந்த வீரர்களின் எச்சங்கள் 209 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பின் அடக்கம்

14 பிப்ரவரி 2021

நெப்போலியன்

நெப்போலியனின் ரஷ்ய படையெடுப்புக்குப் பிறகு, அதிலிருந்து பின்வாங்கும் போது நடந்த போரில் இறந்த பிரெஞ்சு மற்றும் ரஷ்ய படை வீரர்களின் உடல்கள், சுமார் 209 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பின், ரஷ்யாவில் மரியாதையுடன் அடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டன.

120 படை வீரர்களோடு, மூன்று பெண்கள் மற்றும் மூன்று பதின் வயது இளைஞர்களும் அடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டனர்.

இவர்களது உடலின் எச்சங்களை, பிரான்ஸ் மற்றும் ரஷ்ய நாட்டு அகழாய்வாளர்களை கொண்ட ஒரு குழுவினர், இரண்டு ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் கண்டறிந்தார்கள்.

1812ஆம் ஆண்டு, நெப்போலியனின் படை, மாஸ்கோவிலிருந்து பெருத்த சேதத்துடன் பின்வாங்கியது, அவரது ரஷ்யப் படையெடுப்புக்கு ஒரு முடிவு கட்டியது.

RUSSIA AND REVOLUTION SET BACK THE ECONOMY

RUSSIA AND REVOLUTION 

SET BACK THE ECONOMY

 Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow and helped by the Russian Orthodox Church, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. Moscow gradually absorbed the surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod.

Ivan III ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of Central and Northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion. He was also the first to take the title "Grand Duke of all the Russias".[69] After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. 

Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI, and made the Byzantine double-headed eagle his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms.During his long reign, Ivan the Terrible nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates (parts of the disintegrated Golden Horde): Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga River, 

However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade.[73] At the same time, the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate, the only remaining successor to the Golden Horde, continued to raid Southern Russia.[74] In an effort to restore the Volga khanates, Crimeans and their Ottoman allies invaded central Russia and were even able to burn down parts of Moscow in 1571.[75] But in the next year the large invading army was thoroughly defeated by Russians in the Battle of Molodi, forever eliminating the threat of an Ottoman–Crimean expansion into Russia. The slave raids of Crimeans, however, did not cease until the late 17th century though the construction of new fortification lines across Southern Russia,

The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik Dynasty in 1598, and in combination with the famine of 1601–03[77] led to civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century.[78] The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied parts of Russia, including Moscow. In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by two national heroes, merchant Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. The Romanov Dynasty acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis.

Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in reaction to the social and religious oppression they had been suffering under Polish rule. In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. Finally,

Ukraine was split along the Dnieper River, leaving the western part, right-bank Ukraine, under Polish rule and the eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian rule. Later, in 1670–71, the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga Region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels.

In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes, and by t

Peter the Great, Tsar of All Russia in 1682–1721 and the first Emperor of All Russia in 1721–1725. Portrait by Paul Delaroche in the Kunsthalle Hamburg.
Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. 







Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles),[79] as well as Estland and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade.[80] On the Baltic Sea, Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg, later known as Russia's "window to Europe". Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia.

The reign of Peter I's daughter Elizabeth in 1741–62 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756–63). During this conflict Russia annexed East Prussia for a while and even took Berlin. However, upon Elisabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian Peter III of Russia.

Catherine II ("the Great"), who ruled in 1762–96, presided over the Age of Russian Enlightenment. She extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after successful Russo-Turkish Wars against Ottoman Turkey, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean Khanate

In alliances with various European countries, Russia fought against Napoleon's France. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow,

but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which more than 95% of the pan-European Grande Armée perished.

The officers of the Napoleonic Wars brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia with them and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt of 1825. At the end of the conservative reign of Nicolas I (1825–55), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe was disrupted by defeat in the Crimean War. Between 1847 and 1851, about one million people died of Asiatic cholera.[8

The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia.

Russian Revolution of 1905,

Alexander II was killed in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists, and the reign of his son Alexander III (1881–94) was less liberal but more peaceful. The last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II (1894–1917), was unable to prevent the events of the Russian Revolution of 1905, triggered by the unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War and the demonstration incident known as Bloody Sunday. The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms (Russian Constitution of 1906), including granting the freedoms of speech and assembly, the legalization of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the State Duma of the Russian Empire. The Stolypin agrarian reform led to a massive peasant migration and settlement into Siberia. More than four million settlers arrived in that region between 1906 and 1914
Soviet Russia and civil war
Main articles: October Revolution, Russian Civil War, and White movement
See also: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Russian Constitution of 1918

An alternative socialist establishment existed alongside, the Petrograd Soviet, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called Soviets. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country, instead of resolving it. Eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state.

Following the October Revolution, a civil war broke out between the anti-Communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. Bolshevist Russia lost its Ukrainian, Polish, Baltic, and Finnish territories by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that concluded hostilities with the Central Powers of World War I. The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-Communist forces. In the meantime both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror. By the end of the civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged. Millions became White émigrés,[87] and the Povolzhye famine of 1921 claimed up to 5 million victims.[8

Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a planned economy, industrialisation of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps,[90] including many political convicts for their opposition to Stalin's rule; millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union.[90] The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought, led to the Soviet famine of 1932–1933.[91] 

The Appeasement policy of Great Britain and France towards Adolf Hitler's annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia did not stem an increase in the power of Nazi Germany. Around the same time, the Third Reich allied with the Empire of Japan, a rival of the USSR in the Far East and an open enemy of the USSR in the Soviet–Japanese Border Wars in 1938–39.


The siege of Leningrad during World War II was the deadliest siege of a city in history
In August 1939, the Soviet government decided to improve relations with Germany by concluding the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, pledging non-aggression between the two countries and dividing Eastern Europe into their respective spheres of influence. While Hitler conquered Poland and France and other countries acted on a single front at the start of World War II, the USSR was able to build up its military and occupy the Western Ukraine, Hertza region and Northern Bukovina as a result of the Soviet invasion of Poland, Winter War, occupation of the Baltic states and Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.

On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany broke the non-aggression treaty and invaded the Soviet Union with the largest and most powerful invasion force in human history,[97] opening the largest theater of World War II. Although the German army had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–43,[98] and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944

by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered.[99] Under Stalin's administration and the leadership of such commanders as Georgy Zhukov and Konstantin Rokossovsky, Soviet forces took Eastern Europe in 1944–45 and captured Berlin in May 1945. In August 1945 the Soviet Army ousted the Japanese from China's Manchukuo and North Korea, contributing to the allied victory over Japan.


Sputnik 1 was the world's first artificial satellite
The 1941–45 period of World War II is known in Russia as the "Great Patriotic War".

The Soviet Union together with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered as the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II [100] and later became the Four Policemen which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council.[101] During this war, which included many of the most lethal battle operations in human history, Soviet military and civilian deaths were 10.6 million and 15.9 million respectively,[102] accounting for about a third of all World War II casualties. The full demographic loss to the Soviet peoples was even greater.[103] The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation which caused the Soviet famine of 1946–47[104] but the Soviet Union emerged as an acknowledged military superpower on the continent.








The RSFSR in 1956–1991, mostly after territorial acquisitions according to WWII treaties, the accession of Tuva in 1944, the transfer of the Crimean Oblast in 1954 and the incorporation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR in 1956. In 1991, the borders of the Russian SFSR became the Russian Federation's international borders with sovereign states

After the war, Eastern and Central Europe including East Germany and part of Austria was occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. Dependent socialist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. Becoming the world's second nuclear weapons power, the USSR established the Warsaw Pact alliance and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the United States and NATO. The Soviet Union supported revolutionary movements across the world, including the newly formed People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and, later on, the Republic of Cuba. Significant amounts of Soviet resources were allocated in aid to the other socialist states.[105]

BESLAN SCHOOL MASSACRE SEPTEMBER 1,2004,IN RUSSIA

BESLAN SCHOOL MASSACRE 

SEPTEMBER 1,2004,IN RUSSIA

பெஸ்லான் பாடசாலைப் படுகொலைகள் அல்லது பெஸ்லான் பாடசாலைப் பணயக்கைதிகள் பிரச்சினை (Beslan school hostage crisis, Beslan School massacre)[1] ரஷ்யாவின் வடக்கு ஒசேத்திய-அலனீயா குடியரசில் பெஸ்லான் நகரில் உள்ள பாடசாலை ஒன்றில் செச்சினியப் போரை முடிவுக்குக் கொண்டு வரும் பொருட்டு ஆயுதம் தாங்கிய தீவிரவாதிகள் 2004, செப்டம்பர் 1 ஆம் நாள் ஆரம்பித்தனர். 

777 பாடசாலைப் பிள்ளைகள், மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள், பணியாளர்கள் உட்பட 1,100 பேர் பணயக் கைதிகளாகப் பிடிக்கப்பட்டனர். மூன்று நாட்களின் பின்னர் ரஷ்யக் காவற்படையினர் பணயக்கைதிகள் வைக்கப்பட்டிருந்த கட்டிடத்தை பீரங்கி வண்டிகள், வெப்ப அமுக்க ஏவுகணைகள், மற்றும் கனரக ஆயுதங்கள் கொண்டு தாக்கினர்[2]. பல தொடர்க் குண்டுவெடிப்புகளினால் பாடசாலைக் கட்டிடம் அதிர்ந்து தீப்பிடிக்க ஆரம்பித்தது. இதையடுத்து ஆயுததாரிகளுக்கும், ஆயுதப்படைகளுக்கும் இடையில் சரமாரியான துப்பாக்கிச் சூடுகள் இடம்பெற்றன. 186 பிள்ளைகள் உட்பட 334 பணயக் கைதிகள் இந்த முற்றுகையின் போது கொல்லப்பட்டனர்[3][4]. மேலும் நூற்றுக்கணக்கானோர் காயமடைந்தனர். பலர் காணாமல் போய்விட்டனர்.

செச்சினிய பிரிவினைவாதிகளின் தலைவர் ஷமீல் பசாயெவ் இந்த பணயக்கைதிகள் நிகழ்வுக்கு உரிமை கோரினார். ஆனாலும் இந்நிகழ்வின் பயங்கரத்துக்கு அவர் ரஷ்ய அதிபர் விளாடிமிர் பூட்டினைக் குற்றம் சாட்டினார். இவ்விவகாரத்தை அடுத்து ரஷ்யாவில் பல அரசியல் மாற்றங்கள் கொண்டுவரப்பட்டன. கிரெம்ளினுக்கும், ரஷ்ய அதிபருக்கும் அதிகாரங்கள் அதிகரிக்கப்பட்டன.

ஷமீல் சல்மானொவிச் பசாயெவ் (Shamil Salmanovich Basayev, உருசியம்: Шамиль Салманович Басаев; 14 சனவரி 1965 – 10 சூலை 2006) என்பவர் செச்சினிய இசுலாமியப் போராளியும், செச்சினியப் போராளிகள் இயக்கத்தின் தலைவரும் ஆவார்.

டிரான்சுகாக்கசின் படைத்தளபதியாக பசாயெவ் இருந்த போது, பல ஆண்டுகளாக உருசியப் படைகளுக்கு எதிராகக் கெரில்லாத் தாக்குதல்களை நடத்தினார். பொதுமக்கள் பலரைப் பணயக் கைதிகளாகப் பிடித்து வைத்திருந்தார். செச்சினியாவில் இருந்து உருசியப் படையினரை முற்றாக வெளியேற்றுவதே இவரது குறிக்கோளாக இருந்தது.[2] 2003 ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல், இவர் எமீர் அப்தல்லா சமீல் அபு-இதிரிசு என்ற இயக்கப் பெயரை வைத்திருந்தார். 1997–1998 காலப்பகுதியில் செச்சினியாவின் மஷ்காதொவ் அரசில் துணைப் பிரதமராகவும் பதவியில் இருந்தார்.

செச்சினியாவிலும், அதன் சுற்றுப் புறங்களிலும் இடம்பெற்ற பல கெரில்லாத் தக்குதல்களுக்கு பசாயவே பொறுப்பாக இருந்தார்.[3][4] 2002 ஆம் ஆண்டில் மாஸ்கோவில் நாடக அரங்கு ஒன்றில் பணயக் கைதிகளைப் பிடித்து வைத்திருந்ததில் இவரது பங்களிப்பே முக்கியமானதாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது. ஏபிசி செய்தி நிறுவனம் இவரை தேடப்படும் தீவிரவாதிகளில் ஒருவர் என அறிவித்தது.[5] 2004 செப்டம்பரில் பெஸ்லான் பள்ளிப் படுகொலைகள் சம்பவத்தின் மூலம் இவர் மிகவும் பிரபலமடைந்தார்.

பசாயெவ் 2006 சூலை 10ம் நாள் குண்டுவெடிப்பு ஒன்றில் கொல்லப்பட்டார். இவரின் இறப்பில் சர்ச்சை இருப்பதாக சொல்லப்படுகிறது. உருசிய நடுவண் பாதுகாப்புப் படையினரின் தாக்குதலில் இவர் கொல்லப்பட்டதாக உருசிய அதிகாரிகள் கூறுகின்றனர். ஆனால் இவர் தற்செயலான குண்டுவெடிப்பில் இறந்ததாக செச்சினியப் போராளிகள் தெரிவிக்கின்றனர்.

The deadliest terror attack in modern Russia's history led to the deaths of 334 hostages, more than half children.

The hostages spent three days at the school's gymnasium in oppressive heat and without water. Today, that gym has become a grim memorial to the dead.
Beslan, Russia - On the morning of September 1, 2004, teachers, students and their families gathered in front of School Number One in the town of Beslan to celebrate the start of the new school year.

First they heard gunfire, and then saw a group of armed men forcing people into the school building.

The Beslan hostage crisis turned out to be the deadliest terror attack in modern Russia's history. The rebels took approximately 1,200 children and adults hostage at the school, without providing food or water for three days. On the first day, they executed a man in front of his two children and the other hostages. Later they took a group of men at gunpoint in a classroom on the first floor, shot them and threw their bodies out of the window.

The attackers - members of a Chechen separatist group called Riyad as-Saliheen Martyrs' Brigade - demanded the recognition of Chechnya's independence from Russia and the immediate withdrawal of Russian troops from the region. On September 2, the hostage-takers agreed to negotiate with Ruslan Aushev, the former president of the adjacent republic of Ingushetia, allowing him to enter the school and release 26 hostages.

On the third day of the standoff, local authorities received permission from the attackers to remove bodies lying in front of the school. But when medical workers approached the building, two of them were shot dead, followed by two explosions 20 seconds later.

The explosions caused the roof of the gym to collapse, killing many. After the first blast, hostages began to run out of the school, and Russian special forces stormed the building trying to rescue the rest.

The siege ended with 334 hostages dead, more than half of whom were children. The only attacker caught alive was sentenced to life in prison

September 1 is the tenth anniversary of the massacre, which killed more children than any other terrorist attack in history. 

People bring bottles of water, flowers and toys to commemorate the children who died during the siege.








The rescue operation started on the third day of the crisis. Twelve Russian special forces officers died while attempting to rescue the hostages

The walls of the gym are covered with handwritten verses and poems. A large wooden Orthodox cross is in the middle of the hall. 

Despite the ban on walking through the building's ruins, notes in memory of the dead are scribbled on the walls of the school.

Seventeen-year-old Zalina Amirkhanova agreed to return to the school for the first time since the siege. She remembers that "everything was on fire". "I panicked, but didn’t realise that we all could die. When I was running out of the building, I saw many injured and dead bodies everywhere," she said

The school's empty corridors are riddled with bullet holes. 

Dzampaeva Marina, 17, lost her mother during the tragedy. "No one tells me how exactly she died. We were separated, and then I heard the first explosion. I was too young to remember all the details. I was in the hospital for a month being treated for shrapnel wounds when they told me that mom died," she said. "Everyone says that I look like her. She took great care of me and my sister."

Nadezhda Gurieva, 54, holds the school uniform that belonged to her younger daughter. Nadezhda was at the school with her three children, two of whom died. "What happened there can never be forgotten," she said

The cemetery where hostages are buried is known as the City of Angels. Some families lost five or six of their relatives in the massacre

The monument to the special forces 

officers killed during the rescue operation.

PETER III OF RUSSIA BORN 1728 FEBRUARY 21- 1762 JULY 17

PETER III OF RUSSIA BORN

 1728 FEBRUARY 21- 1762 JULY 17

உருசியாவின் மூன்றாம் பீட்டர் (21 பெப்ரவரி 1728 – 17 ஜூலை [யூ.நா. 6 ஜூலை] 1762) (உருசியம்: Пётр III Фëдорович, பியோத்தர் III ஃபியோதரவிச்) 1762 ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஆறு மாதங்கள் உருசியாவின் பேரரசராக இருந்தார். இவர் உள முதிர்ச்சி இல்லாதவர் என்றும், அளவுக்கு அதிகமாக பிரசியாவை ஆதரித்தவர் என்றும், இதனால் மக்களால் விரும்பப்படாதவராக இருந்தார் என்றும் பெரும்பாலான வரலாற்றாளர்கள் கருதுகின்றனர். இவரது மனைவி தலைமை ஏற்று நடத்திய சதியொன்றைத் தொடர்ந்து இவர் கொல்லப்பட்டார். இவரைத் தொடர்ந்து இவரது மனைவி இரண்டாம் கத்தரீன் ஆட்சியைக் கைப்பற்றினார்.

இளமைக் காலமும் இயல்புகளும்[தொகு]
பீட்டர் கீல் என்னும் இடத்தில் பிறந்தார். இவரது தந்தையார், ஓல்ச்ட்டீன்-கொட்டோர்ப்பின் டியூக் ஆன கார்ல் ஃபிரீட்ரிக். தாயார் உருசியாவின் முதலாம் பீட்டருக்கும், அவரது இரண்டாவது மனைவி முதலாம் கத்தரீனுக்கும் பிறந்த அன்னா பெட்ரோவ்னா என்பவராவார். இவர் பிறந்து இரண்டு மாதங்களுக்கு உள்ளாகவே இவரது தாயார் இறந்துவிட்டார். 1739 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இவரது தந்தையும் இறந்துவிட்டார். இதனைத் தொடர்ந்து பீட்டர், கார்ல் பீட்டர் உல்ரிக் என்னும் பெயருடன், ஓல்ச்ட்டீன் - கொட்டோர்ப்பின் டியூக் ஆனார். இது அவரை உருசியா, சுவீடன் ஆகிய இரண்டு நாடுகளின் அரசுரிமைக்குமான வாரிசு ஆக்கியது.

அன்னாவின் சகோதரியான எலிசபெத் உருசியப் பேரரசியானதும், பீட்டரை செருமனியில் இருந்து உருசியாவுக்கு வரவழைத்து, 1742 ஆம் ஆண்டு இலையுதிர் காலத்தில் தனது வாரிசாக அறிவித்தார். இதற்கு முன்னர் 1742 ல், உருசிய-சுவீடியப் போரின்போது உருசியப் படைகள் பின்லாந்தைக் கைப்பற்றி வைத்திருந்த காலத்தில் 14 வயதாயிருந்த பீட்டர் பின்லாந்தின் அரசராக அறிவிக்கப்பட்டார். பிள்ளைகள் இன்றி இறந்துபோன சுவீடனின் பத்தாம் சார்லசின் கீழிருந்த ஆட்சிப் பகுதிகளுக்கான வாரிசு உரிமை அடிப்படையிலேயே இந்த அறிவிப்புச் செய்யப்பட்டது. அக்டோபர் 1742 ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஏறத்தாழ இதே நேரத்தில், சுவீடன் நாடாளுமன்றம் அந்நாட்டின் அரசுரிமைக்கான வாரிசாக பீட்டரைத் தெரிவு செய்தது. பீட்டர் உருசியாவின் அரசுரிமைக்கான வாரிசாகத் தெரிவு செய்யப்பட்டதை சுவீடன் நாடாளுமன்றம் அறிந்திருக்கவில்லை. சுவீடனின் தூதர் செயின்ட் பீட்டர்சுபர்க்குக்கு வந்தபோது, சுவீடனின் தெரிவை ஏற்றுக்கொள்ள மறுப்பதாக இளம் வயதினரான பீட்டரின் சார்பில் அறிவிக்கப்பட்டதாகச் சொல்லப்படுகிறது.

பேரரசி எலிசபெத், தனது உறவுப் பெண்ணும், அனோல்ட்-செர்ப்சிட்டின் இளவரசரின் மகளுமான சோஃபியா அகசுத்தா பிரெடெரிக்காவைப் பீட்டருக்கு மணம் முடிப்பதற்கு ஏற்பாடு செய்தார். இந்த இளவரசி முறைப்படி உருசிய மரபுவாதக் கிறித்தவ சமயத்துக்கு மாற்றப்பட்டபின், ஏக்காடேரினா அலெக்சியேவ்னா என்னும் பெயரை ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார். இந்தப் பெண்ணே பிற்காலத்தில் இரண்டாவது கத்தரீன் என்னும் பெயருடன் உருசியாவின் பேரரசியாக விளங்கியவர்.

1745 ஆம் ஆண்டு இவர்களுக்குத் திருமணம் நடைபெ ற்றது. இவர்களது மண வாழ்க்கை மகிழ்ச்சியானதாக இருக்கவில்லை. எனினும் இவர்களுக்கு ஒரு மகனும், ஒரு மகளும் பிறந்தனர். மகனே பின்னாளில் உருசியா வை ஆண்ட பேரரசர் பால் ஆவார். ஆனால், பால், பீட்டருக்குப் பிறக்கவில்லை என்றும், உண்மையில் தாங்கள் என்றுமே மண உறவில் ஈடுபட்டிருக்கவி ல்லை என்றும் கதரீன் பின்னர் கூறியிருந்தார்.

இவர்கள் பதினாறு ஆண்டுகள் ஒன்றாக இருந்த காலத்திலேயே பீட்டருக்குப் பல காதலிகள் இருந்தனர். அதுபோலவே கத்தரீனுக்கும் பல காதலர்கள் இருந்தனர்.

இயற்கையாகவே பீட்டர் தோற்றப் பொலிவு அற்றவர். அம்மை நோய் அவரை அழகற்றவர் ஆக்கிவிட்டி ருந்தது. இவரது தரமற்ற பழக்க வழக்கங்களினால் இவர் அருவருக்கத்தக்கவர் ஆனார். அக்காலத்தின் மிக மோசமான வகையைச் சேர்ந்த சிறிய செருமன் இளவரசர் என்று கூறத்தக்க எல்லா இயல்புகளும் அவருக்கு இருந்தன.

தனது இளவரசுத் தகுதி காரணமாகக் கண்ணியம், மற்றவர்களுடைய உணர்வுகள் ஆகியவற்றைத் துச்சமாக மதிக்கும் உரிமை தனக்கு இருப்பதாக அவர் எண்ணிக்கொண்டார்.

ஆட்சிக்காலம்[தொகு]

1762 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இவர் ஆட்சிக்கு வந்ததும், பிரசியாவுடனான ஏழாண்டுப் போரிலிருந்து உருசியாவை விலக்கிக்கொண்டு அந்நாட்டுடன் சமாதானம் செய்துகொண்டார். பெர்லினைக் கைப்பற்றி உருசியா வெற்றியின் விளிம்பில் இருந்தும் கூட, உருசியாவுக்கு எவ்வித நன்மையும் இன்றிப் போரிலிருந்து விலகிக் கொண்டதினால், பல பிரபுக்களின் வெறுப்புக்கும் அவர் ஆளானார். பிரசியாவுடன் கூட்டணி அமைத்துக்கொண்டு, டென்மார்க் நாட்டுடன் மக்களால் விரும்பப்படாத ஒரு போரையும் தொடங்கினார். அத்துடன் உருசிய மரபுவாதத் திருச்சபையை லூத்தரியச் செயல்முறைகளைக் கைக்கொள்ளுமாறு வற்புறுத்தினார் என்றும் கூறப்படுகின்றது.

அலெக்சி ஆன்ட்ரோப்போவ் என்பவர் வரைந்த மூன்றாம் பீட்டரின் உருவப்படம், 1762
எனினும், பீட்டரின் குறுகிய ஆட்சிக்காலத்தில் சிறியவையானாலும் சில முக்கியமான பொருளாதாரச் சீர்திருத்தங்கள் ஏற்பட்டன. இதனால் பிரபுக்களுக்கு முதன்மை இடங்களை வழங்கிக், குடியானவர்க ளையும் சாதாரண நகர மக்களையும் அடக்கி ஒடுக்கும் பழைய முறையில் இருந்து விலகி, மேற்கு ஐரோப்பாவின் பாணியிலான முதலாளித்துவ, வணிகவாதப் பொருளாதார முறையில் நாட்டின் வளர்ச்சிக்கு ஊக்கம் தரப்பட்டது. இவர் காலத்தில் தொழிலதிபர்கள் தமது வேலையாட்களாகக் கொத்தடிமைகளை விலை கொடுத்து வாங்கும் முறையை ஒழித்து ஆணை பிறப்பிக்கப்பட்டது. உள்நாட்டில் சர்க்கரை உற்பத்திக்கு ஊக்கம் அளிப்பதற்காகச் சர்க்கரை இறக்குமதியையும் இவர் தடை செய்தார். இவரது முக்கியமான நடவடிக்கைகளுள் ஒன்று, முதலாம் பீட்டரினால் பிரபுக்களுக்குக் கட்டாயமாக்கப்பட்டிருந்த இராணுவ அல்லது குடிசார் சேவையை இல்லாது ஒழித்தமை ஆகும்.

தன்னுடன் மணமுறிவு செய்துகொண்டு, பீட்டர் தனது ஆசைநாயகியான எலிசபெத் வொரொன்ட்சோவாவைத் திருமணம் செய்ய எண்ணுகிறார் என்று ஐயம் கொண்ட கத்தரீன், தனது காதலரான கிரிகோரி ஓர்லோவ் என்பவருடன் சேர்ந்து பீட்டரை ஆட்சியில் இருந்து அகற்றத் திட்டம் தீட்டினார். பீட்டர் தனது மெய்க்கா வலர்க ளுக்குக் கடுமையான ஒழுக்க நெறிகளை அறிமுகப்படுத்த எண்ணியிருந்தார். இச் சந்தர்ப்பத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தி அம்மெய்க்காவலர்க ளுடைய கிளர்ச்சிக்கு த் திட்டமிடப்பட்டது. இக் கிளர்ச்சியின்போது பீட்டர் கைது செய்யப்பட்டு முடிதுறக்க வைக்கப்பட்டர்.

பெரும்பாலான பிரபுக்களின் ஆதரவுடன் கத்தரீன் பேரரசியானார். சில காலத்தின் பின் ரோப்சா என்னுமிடத்தில் காவலில் வைக்கப்பட்டிருந்த பீட்டர் கொல்லப்பட்டார். இதற்குப் பொறுப்பானவர்களைக் கத்தரீன் தண்டிக்காததால், அவரே இதற்கான ஆணையைப் பிறப்பித்திருக்கலாம் என்ற ஐயம் நிலவுகிறது.

பின்நிகழ்வுகள்[தொகு]

தனது தாயை விரும்பாத பீட்டரின் மகன் பால், பேரரசராகப் பதவியேற்றபின், டிசம்பர் 1796ல், பீட்டர் புதைக்கப்பட்ட இடத்தைத் தோண்டி, உரிய மரியாதை களுடன் பீட்டர் மற்றும் பால் தேவாலயத்தில் பிற சார் மன்னர்களின் கல்லறைகளுக்கு அருகில் மீண்டும் அடக்கம் செய்தார்.

KAMARAJ IN RUSSIA 1966 JULY 22

KAMARAJ IN RUSSIA 1966 JULY 22

O 
அமெரிக்காவின் 
துணை ஜனாதிபதி 
ஹ்யுபெர்ட் ஹம்ப்ரே,
நேருவுக்கு இறுதி அஞ்சலி செய்ய 
டெல்லி வந்தார் ! 
O 
AICC தலைவரான
காமராஜரை 
சந்தித்து, 
ஒரு மணி நேரம்
அரசியல் பேசினார் !
அமெரிக்காவுக்கு வருமாறு 
அமெரிக்க ஜனாதிபதி சார்பில் 
அழைப்பு விடுத்தார் !
தலைவர் காமராஜ் 
''ஆகட்டும் பார்க்கலாம்...'' என்றார் !
O 

ஆனால், 
அமெரிக்காவின் 
அழைப்பை ஏற்காமல்,
ரஷ்யா, ஹங்கேரி, பல்கெரியா 
உள்ளிட்ட சோஷலிச நாடுகள் 
கொடுத்த அழைப்பை ஏற்று,
1966ல் 
பயணமானார் ! 
O 
சோவியத் நாட்டில்
கிரெம்ளின் மாளிகையில் 
தலைவர் காமராஜருக்கு, 
சிவப்பு கம்பள வரவேற்பு, 
மரபை மீறி கொடுக்கப்பட்டது ! 
O 
உலக நாடுகளின் 
ராஜதந்திரிகள் 
அசந்துபோனார்கள் !
O 

ஒரு நாட்டின் 
தலைவருக்குத்தான் 
இப்படியான கெளரவம் அளிப்பது மரபு !
அந்த மரபை மீறி, 
புகழ்மிக்க 
கிரெம்ளின் மாளிகையில்,
சோவியத் அரசு 
தலைவர் காமராஜருக்கு 
பிரம்மாண்டமான 
வரவேற்பு கொடுத்தது ! 
O 
அந்த வரவேற்பு விழாவில், 
தலைவர் காமராஜ் 
தமிழில் பேசினார் !
அவரது பேச்சு,
தமிழ்நாட்டில்
தமிழ் படித்து,
பாண்டித்தியம் பெற்ற
ரஷ்ய இளைஞரால்,
ரஷ்ய மொழியில்,
சடுதியில் மொழியாக்கம் 
செய்யப்பட்டது ! 
உடன் இருந்தவர், 
ஆர் வெங்கடராமன் ! 
O 
நான் வெகுகாலமாக 
போற்றி பாதுகாக்கும் படம் இது !
கிரெம்ளின் மாளிகையில்
தலைவர் காமராஜ் 
பேசும் படம் 
முதலில் இருக்கிறது !

There was a heavy crowd at the airport of Moscow on 22nd July of 1966 at 1.45 pm. The President of “Supreme Soviet " Sprikinove , Vice-President John Thieve , External affairs Minister Brubin and other important officials , officials of Embassy and the public of Russia were waiting for the arriaval of Kamaraj.

The place in which Kamaraj went landed at Sharmythiyova Airport at Moscow. Kamaraj stepped at the land of Russia with smile. He answered in short to the welcome address of Russian Premier; Russians were surprised to see Kamaraj without any woolen clothes on him against the winter.

In Russia:-

He first visited the Russian Premier at his residence in a formal way. He had long discussion with Mayor of Moscow city which had a population of 65 lackhs.

23rd July was a busy day to Kamaraj. He visited the Kremlin Palace constructed during the period of King Jaar.

Lenin's library. He wrote in the visitor's book as under:- 

"I am happy to see the place where Lenin lived. I am delished to see the place where that leader lived a life with simplicity." He laid a wreath at the place where Lenin's body was preserved with oils.

He felt very much with R.Venkatraman who stood near to him for not having preserved the body of Gandhiji like that of Lenin.

Meeting With Kosign:-

He next met the P.M. Kosign. Kosign's first question was whether he was not feeling the winter. Kamaraj's reply was , he was there as he was in Delhi. Then those two leaders discussed about the international problems for about 11/2 hours.

Later he visited the " Inton Thushanpe" Park .

On 25th July he met Mr.Rasalove , the secretary of Tajic Communist Party. He also met the workers of that party office.

Kamaraj was surprised to learn that members of the Communist party should donate a part of their income to the party and accordingly Mr.Rasalove too gave it to the party.

26th July he went to Valgagrade City where Russians fought against Hitler. He was invited by the Mayor of the city and was taken to a park and a war memorial place.

He said to the Mayor that when he saw the city he could understood that the people of that city were not only a brave warriors but also a hard workers.

Then he visited the historical famous Lenigrade. He took part in the feast given by the Mayor of that city. In his speech at the feast he praised the Russian leader Lenin and the Russian revolution. Also he sang a song in Tamil written by Tamil poet Bharathi. About the King Jaar. He also said that India would co-operate with Russia to save the world from the evil of war.

Again he left for Moscow. On 30th July he met Mr.Kapinove, the secretary of Soviet Communist Party at Moscow. He learned from him the Party's principles and activities and its power.

The last person he met at Russia was Mr.Brishnove, the Chief Secretary of the Communist party, which was the very very important post in Russia.

Brishnove was on leave then. He was about to return to Moscow only on 1st of August but returned on 29th July itself.

Brishnove was to met Mr.Uthand, the U.N.O. Secretary from 11.00 - 12.00 noon and to met Kamaraj after 12noon.

He went that office which was protected by armed forces at 12.noon.

Kamaraj was given a royal salute and taken to the room of Brishnove.

He received Kamaraj with smile and talked to him. Since his Russian tour was almost over, the Supreme Soviet Leader Sprithinove , who was with Kamaraj all along the tour gave an official dinner to Kamaraj.

On Sunday the 31st July he was to leave from Russia. In the morning, before his departure ,he delivered a speech in the radio of Moscow praising the hospitality of the Russians and the good relationship they had with Indians.

At 2.pm he completed his 10 days Russian tour and left for East Germany. Mr.Sprithinove gave him a send off at the airport.

Kamaraj landed at”Shon Belt” airport at Berlin the Capital city of East Germany on 31st July.

Dr.Erry Sams , the national leader of East Germany , Mr.Stiby , the Deputy Minister for External affairs , The Trade Union Representative of East Germany for India Mr.Sherbert Fisher , invited Kamaraj at the air port. There was a heavy down pour when he landed. The reception programs went on ignoring the rain.

Dr.Herbert Fisher was with Kamaraj throughout the tour.

On 1st August Kamaraj met Albert Morttan , Herman Medorn , the key personnel of the United Socialist Front at their office.

He also met a student at East Germany who was studying Tamil. He thanked the leaders and the public of East Germany and left for Czechoslovakia.
In Czechoslovakia:-

On 2nd of August when he landed at Praha City he was received by the Socialist Party Leader, Law and Legal Department Minister Mr.Alias Newman and other government officials and the Indian Ambassador Mr.Gokak.

He met Mr.Cadar , the secretary of Communist Party Central Committee of that country , Minister for External affairs , Interim P.M . And the Vice-President of the parliament.

He learned about the standard of living of the people of that country through so many questions with them.

On 5th August Indian Ambassador gave a feast to the leader. Students who studied Tamil there, Ministers came to the dinner. Then he left for Hungary.

In Hungary:-

He landed at Budapest the Capital of Hungary on 4th August. He agreed for a tour of 3 days due to continued compulsions of those people.

On the fist day he visited the Budapest city and its surrounding places. Next day morning he met the Hungarian P.M. at the parliament palace. Mrs.Banoj Bahova , the assistant general secretary of people's front joined in the meeting.

Official dinner was given after the meeting. Kamaraj next went to Bulgaria.

In Bulgeria:-

At 2pm on August 7th he landed at Sophiya the Capital of Bulgeria. All the Bulgarian leaders received Kamaraj and took him to the guest house.

He paid homage with wreath to the body of George Tito, Father of Bulgaria which was preserved with oils.

Next day he met Mr.Stryhop , the leader of the ruling party " Country Front of Father."

A dinner was given to him on that night and he left for Yugoslavia.
In Yugoslavia:-

When Kamaraj landed at Belgrade the capital of Yugoslavia on 8th August he was given a grand reception by the leader of Socialist Alliance and the President of Macedonia. Mr.Golia Sebaski and his assistants.

He met Golia Sebaski and the planning commission members at the head office of the Yugoslavia central committee.Indian Ambassador gave a feast to Kamaraj.

He left in a special flight on August 10th to met Marshal Tito who lived in an island called Bryony . He rested for a while in Neptune hotel at Bryony sea shore, later left to meet Marshal Tito. No news reporters were allowed. Only Kamaraj , R.Venkataraman and the Indian Ambassador went to Tito's Bungalow. With Marshal Tito, Golia Sebaski and a Deputy Minister were there.

Meeting With Tito:-

On seeing Kamaraj Tito eagerly gave his hands to him. Tito remembered his at Avadi Conference and the crowd and Traffic blocks.

Later they discussed the world problem. After one hour's discussion Tito said that he would meet him at Delhi at the meeting of the Non-Alliance Countries.

Kamaraj completed his 20 days tour on 12th August. Many leaders came to the airport and gave him the send off.

Kamaraj said that tour gave him a chance of knowing many important matters and was very useful.

He left in a Yugoslavian plane which flew via Rome enroute to Delhi.

Indian flight took off since since the Yugoslavian flight was late. This caused Kamaraj to stay at Rome for 2 days. Because of this delay he could reach India only on 15th August at the 21st Independence Day instead of 13th as scheduled before.

Madras Tremored:-

Though the arrival of the flight was only at 1.30pm people of Madras crowded the air port right from the morning.

Crowds were throughout the way to the air port. Once he landed from the flight, a plane showered the flowers on him from the sky. People were running to garland him.

He was taken in procession in an open car. 120 soldiers of Cavalry marched before the car. His car was followed by number of cars and thousands of cycles. Madras had never seen such a procession so far.

Mr.K.R.Nayar who worked in PTI once asked Lal Bhagadhur Sastri about Indo-Ceylon Agreement. He questioned whether the next government would honor the agreement entered between Indian and Ceylon by Sastri and Sri Mao Bandranayake.

Sastri hesitated to answer. But Kamaraj immediately answered to the reporter which gave him a surprise. Because it was in clear English, which is given below:

“Don’t go and print any such suggestions in the paper. This is an agreement signed by two Democratic governments, just as any Democratic government India would honor this agreement. We expect any successor government in Ceylon to honor this agreement."

Sastri said with joy, “I agree with Kamaraj ". It was a proof of his political knowledge about the international affairs.

There was a Congress conference in February 1966. His foresight was very clean.

He pointed out his talk at the conference of Bhuvaneshwar about to start new industries to produce essential commodities to the poor to control price hike.

In his presidential speech he also said that it would be essential to take steps by the central and state government to stabilize the economic conditions and to minimize the expenditure. He also requested for the co-operation of the public.
Attack At Delhi House:-

On 7th November 1966 a procession came towards Kamaraj's house at Delhi. They are the opposers of Cow slaughting.

Some people in the procession engaged in violence. Kamaraj was in the house then. This gang robed the house of Central minister Raguramaiah. They set fire to the house of Kamaraj. This had happened within 15 minutes.

First the gang damaged the compound gate and entered. A lone constable who was there could not stop the gang. They pelted stones on the windows since the door was locked. They set fire to the rooms through the windows. Kamaraj was in center of the hall without any fear. His bed room was damaged due to fire. By god's grace he escaped. On hearing this news M.P.s came running to Kamaraj and took him with them to their place. He stayed there for few days and then came back to his house.

The incident of Nov. 7th was seriously discussed at the working committee meeting. They blamed Nanda the Home Minister. Following this Nanda resigned. P.M. Indira Gandhi accepted his resignation immediately.

Defence minister Chavan took the portfolio of Nanda. Indira Gandhi gave complete freedom to Kamaraj to shuffle the ministry.

Kamaraj felt that the number of ministers to be reduced as the general election was fast approaching.

Including the incident of Nov.7th all the events of 1966 made the future as a question mark. Kamaraj felt very much for this. He thought that the Congress should take immediate decisions to some serious problems. He felt that food condition,

Internal security and peace should immediately be taken care. In December he informed this to his colleagues.

During this time Kamaraj observed the in disciple in the party. The clashes between the various state Chief Ministers worried him. 12 Ministers resigned at Orissa having difference of opinions with the C.M. Kamaraj returned their resignation an saved the discipline of the party. Kamaraj met the challenge when Rival Congress started in West Bengal, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. He thought that the public would not believe the promise of the opposite parties though there were shortages in food and other commodities.

He involved himself in election propaganda and toured the entire nation in 1967 election. A gang of news reporters went along with him. He explained the economic condition of the country in every state. Seeing his common sense the news papers praised him in their editorials. Ashok Mehta joined in Congress only when Kamaraj was the AICC president. Kamaraj was the only reason for his joining in Congress.

He contested at Virudhunagar constituency for assembly in 1967 general election. He toured the other constituencies in Tamilnadu without working in his constituency.

He met with an accident when he was going towards Tirunelveli . News came as he got serious injuries. Immediately M.S.P.Raja , Iya Sami Nadan and other went in a car to Tirunelveli. Kamaraj was at the Travelers Bungalow of Palayamkottai. He had severe injuries on his leg and lips. His face was swelled. When these people saw him with tears on their eyes he enquired them about election work.

He explained them the way they have to work. Also he said that he would come a week before the election and does the work in person. But he could not come. From Tirunelveli he went straight away to Madras.

Shortage in Rice in Madras State caused defeat to Congress. The elephant slipped. Kamaraj lost by a difference of 500 votes. This election result shook India.The entire nation shocked to see his first and last defeat.

But Kamaraj never shattered. Not only in Madras state Congress was defeated but in many parts of India. Congress could get only the majority to form the government.

Kamaraj who used to say to worship the work only and not the money , took his defeat lightly and left to Delhi.

He could not walk. He had walking stick in his hands. He walked slowly with his stick at Delhi air port. His face did not indicate the sign of defeat.

He said that he accepts the defeat of Congress and respects the judgment given by the public and he would work hard to win the confidence of the public.

He made Indira Gandhi as P.M. for the second time. He seated Morarji Desai as Deputy P.M.

C.N.Annadurai , who formed the D.M.K ministry said that the leader like Kamaraj should not get defeated. He went with his colleagues to the residence of Kamaraj for his blessings. Kamaraj had the capacity to attract even the opposite party members.

He ordered to his party people not to open their mouth for a period of 6 months about DMK government as the public gave them a chance to rule.

News papers wrote that his magnanimity was an example to the affection towards democracy.

Papers wrote that he fixed a golden letter in the history of the world.

Independence Day was celebrated in 15th August 1967. I was first Independence Day after freedom that Congress celebrated & by sitting in opposition at the assembly.

Election of Nijalingappa :- 

Kamaraj was AICC president twice from 1964 to 1967 continuously. During this 4 years period he did his service strongly. He never entangled himself in the policy matters. He exposed the difference of opinion in the policy matters if any , only at the party meetings. Even in that he never entered in lame arguments.

He acted according to the views raised in the meeting. He never created any problems. His position was simple. He approached the problems only with a view whether the public could get any benefit out of it. His presidential speeches and achievements were the evident.

He did not like to be AICC president for the third time. For the post of president there would be a severe contest between S.K.Pattil and Alulya Gosh.

Kamaraj informed that whoever might be elected by they should be elected unanimously. That only would safeguard the interest of the party.

Pattil , Mohan Dharia , Hanumanthaiah had failed their nomination for the post of AICC president.

P.M.Indira Gandhi and Kamaraj meet and discussed about the election for President . They talked about Sukadia, Nanda, Sanjeevaiah, U.M.Thevar for the election of AICC president. At last Kamaraj sent a message to Mysore. Nijalingappa went to Delhi and met Kamaraj. It was nigh hours.

Kamaraj said that Nijalingappa would be the next AICC president and asked him to meet him on the next morning.

Finally Nijalingappa took charge as AICC president.

The interim poll came at Nagarkoil in January 1969 due to the death of Marshal Nesamani. To find out the situations of the constituency Nedumaran and Sironmani toured the entire constituency. Kamaraj carefully heard what those two lads told him. They wanted Kamaraj should definitely contest there. Others also insisted Kamaraj . Kamaraj accepted the request of the younger generation. In the interest of the party he was ready to enter into an experiment. He addressed in a general meeting at KARUNGAL on 30th November 1968. At that time he conveyed his acceptance to contest for M.P.s election.

Interim poll was conducted on 8th January 1969. People of CapeCamrion worked for his victory. The entire Tamilnadu was there. Kamaraj pinned the badge on his body. Ladies received Kamaraj with enthusiasm. Kamaraj won in the election with a margin of 1, 28,201 votes.

Mother's ill-health:-

Kamaraj received a message about the bad health condition of his mother. He went by flight to Madurai and by car to Virudhunagar. He was informed that his mother was in death bed. He never got tensioned; he was talking to Nedumaran as usual.

He sat near his mother who was in a swooned condition. His arrival was informed to her by his sister. She opened her eyes and saw Kamaraj with tearful eyes. He enquired about her diet and medicines with his sisters. His mother wanted to tell something , but could not . Kamaraj told her that he would be leaving. His mother wanted him to have food and go. He said that he would have it at Madurai. His mother wept again. Kamaraj saw this and asked his sisters to set the meal. His mother wanted him to sit and eat at the kitchen. As he did not want to discard the request of his mother who was in the death bed went to kitchen and took the meal. He back a good-bye to his mother and left. On the way Nedumaran asked Kamaraj since how long after he took meat at his house. His reply was after 25 to 30 years.

In The Prison:-

Cases were filed on Congress volunteers in 1969. His victory was celebrated at Nagarkoil. There was procession. Friends of Madurai who participated in the procession were assaulted. One Mr.Pandurangam was stabbed. Nedumaran opposed this. Immediately police filed a case against him. Nedumaran met Kamaraj at Madurai air port and explained him the situation. He listened carefully and advised to oppose the un justice boldly.

Bad time for Congress:- 

There was problem for Congress in August 1969. Sanjeeva Reddy was the speaker. It was decided to nominate him for the election of president. Indira Gandhi made him to resign. She nominated him for the election and signed in the nomination form. But she herself supported V.V.Giri. Finally V.V.Giri became the president. Sanjeeva Reddy was defeated. Kamaraj and other senior leaders felt very much. For Kamaraj discipline was his breath. Congress working committee wanted to take action on those who did not obey to the party's discipline. When there was 2 months to the 84th Anniversary for AICC in 1969 Congress splited into two.

Though the Congress splitted into two Congress party men in Tamilnadu were on the side of Kamaraj.

During freedom fight money was necessary to take part once in the strike. Kamaraj did not have the money.He decided to stage a Drama and collect money. He arranged for the Drama of Viswananthadas .

144 was imposed by the police and ordered not to stage the drama. In the drama a song of Viswanathadas used to humiliate the public. The ban order was imposed particularly for this song. Immediately Kamaraj sent Thirumangalam Puli Iyer to Sivakasi Sub-Collector for getting permission to stage the drama with an assurance of not signing that particular song in the drama,. According Puli Iyer got the permission.

Drama was staged at Rajapalayam. The situation became riots. Kamaraj sent his men wherever the riot took place and embbelted them.

In 1979 when Kamaraj expressed the grievances the ruling party challenged them. He met the challenges. He took action according to the pulse of the party men.

He questioned the ruling party about their promise of giving 3 measures of Rice per Rupee and whether they could give it. He also blamed that they did not know what to do and did not know to tell what they could do. They had given cheap promises and the ministers said that they would work without salary, reduce the tax and increase the facilities. But what happened increased tax.

In 1971 Congress met another great defeat. When he was asked about the election fund he said that there was money for the election work and they should have worked still harder.

There was no person got victories like him, he never jumped high when he won and never lost himself when he was defeated.


For the benefit of the poor he again started his tour throughout Tamilnadu.