HONGKONG HANDED OVER TO BRITISH ON JUNE 26, 1843 -1997 JULY 1

நாஞ்சிங் உடன்படிக்கை (Treaty of Nanjing) 

HONGKONG HANDED OVER TO BRITISH 

ON JUNE 26, 1843- 1997 JULY 1

நான்கிங் உடன்படிக்கை (Treaty of Nanking), என்பது 1842 ஆகஸ்ட் 26 ஆம் திகதி முதலாம் அபின் போரின் முடிவின் பின்னர் பிரித்தானியாவிற்கும் சிங் அரசவம்சப் பேரரசுக்கும் இடையில் கைச்சாத்திடப்பட்ட உடன்படிக்கையாகும். இந்த உடன்படிக்கையின் முதன்மை நோக்கம், சீனாவைப் பணியவைத்து, சீனாவிற்குள் அபினி போதைப்பொருள் வணிகச் சந்தையை திறப்பதாகும். அத்துடன் சீனாவுக்கு செலுத்தி வந்த சுங்கவரிகளைக் குறைப்பது உட்பட பலக்கோரிக்கைகளை பிரித்தானியா முன்வைத்தது.

இந்த உடன்படிக்கை முதலாம் அபின் போரில் சீனப்பேரரசு படுத்தோழ்வியடைந்த நிலையில் நடத்தப்பட்ட பேரம் பேசலாகவே அமைந்தது. இந்த உடன்படிக்கையின் படி, பிரித்தானியப் படையணிகளால் கைப்பற்றப்பட்ட ஹொங்கொங் தீவை முறைப்படி பிரித்தானியாவுக்கே ஒப்படைக்க சீனப்பேரரசிடம் இருந்து ஒப்புதல் பெறப்பட்டது.

வரலாறு[தொகு]
1842 இல் நடந்த முதலாம் அபினிப் போரின் முடிவில் பிரித்தானியரால் கைப்பற்றப்பட்ட முதல் நிலப்பரப்பு இந்த ஒங்கொங் தீவாகும். பிரித்தானியர் இத்தீவை தம்வசப்படுத்தும் போது, இத்தீவில் கிட்டத்தட்ட 7,000 வரையிலான பூர்வக் குடிகள் மட்டுமே இருந்துள்ளனர். ஆங்காங்கே சில மீனவக் குடிகள் மட்டுமே தென்பட்டுள்ளன.

The Treaty of Nanking or Nanjing was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842. It was the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties on the ground that Britain had no obligations in return.[2]

In the wake of China's military defeat, with British warships poised to attack Nanking, representatives from the British and Qing Empires negotiated on board HMS Cornwallis anchored at the city. On 29 August 1842, British representative Sir Henry Pottinger and Qing representatives Qiying, Yilibu, and Niu Jian signed the treaty. It consisted of thirteen articles and was ratified by Queen Victoria and the Daoguang Emperor nine months later. A copy of the treaty is kept by the British government while another copy is kept by the Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the National Palace Museum in Taipei.

Cession of Hong Kong[edit]

In 1841, a rough outline for a treaty was sent for the guidance of Plenipotentiary Charles Elliot. It had a blank after the words "the cession of the islands of". Pottinger sent this old draft treaty on shore, with the letter s struck out of islands and the words Hong Kong placed after it.[6] Robert Montgomery Martin, treasurer of Hong Kong, wrote in an official report:

The terms of peace having been read, Elepoo the senior commissioner paused, expecting something more, and at length said "is that all?" Mr. Morrison enquired of Lieutenant-colonel Malcolm [Pottinger's secretary] if there was anything else, and being answered in the negative, Elepoo immediately and with great tact closed the negotiation by saying, "all shall be granted—it is settled—it is finished."[6]

The Qing government agreed to make Hong Kong Island a crown colony, ceding it to the British Queen "in perpetuity" (常遠, Cháng yuǎn, in the Chinese version of the treaty), to provide British traders with a harbour where they could "careen and refit their ships and keep stores for that purpose" (Article III). Pottinger was later appointed the first governor of Hong Kong.

In 1860, the colony was extended with the Kowloon peninsula and in 1898, the Second Convention of Peking further expanded the colony with the 99-year lease of the New Territories. In 1984, the governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China (PRC) concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, together with Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (south of Boundary Street) ceded under the Convention of Peking (1860), was transferred to the PRC on 1 July 1997.

FIRST OPIUM WAR - 1839 AUGUST 23 HONGKONG PORT WAS CAPTURED BY THE BRITISH -THROUGH AUDACITY AND INJUSTICE

FIRST OPIUM WAR - 1839 AUGUST 23 

HONGKONG PORT WAS CAPTURED BY THE BRITISH -THROUGH AUDACITY AND INJUSTICE

August 23rd, 1839 – First Opium War: the UK captures Hong Kong as a base as it prepares for war with Qing China:

Opium Wars arose from China’s attempts to suppress the opium trade. Foreign traders (primarily British) had been illegally exportingopium mainly from India to China since the 18th century, but that trade grew dramatically from about 1820.

 The resulting widespread addiction in China was causing serious social and economic disruption there. In March 1839 the Chinese government confiscated and destroyed more than 20,000 chests of opium—some 1,400 tons of the drug—that were warehoused at Canton (Guangzhou) by British merchants. 

The antagonism between the two sides increased a few days later when some drunken British sailors killed a Chinese villager. The British government, which did not wish its subjects to be tried in the Chinese legal system, refused to turn the accused men over to the Chinese courts.

Hostilities broke out several months later when British warships destroyed a Chinese blockade of thePearl River (Zhu Jiang) estuary at Hong Kong. 

The British government decided in early 1840 to send an expeditionary force to China, which arrived at Hong Kong in June. The British fleet proceeded up the Pearl River estuary to Canton, and, after months of negotiations there, attacked and occupied the city in May 1841.

 Subsequent British campaigns over the next year were likewise successful against the inferior Qing forces, despite a determined counterattack by Chinese troops in the spring of 1842. 

The British held against that offensive, however, and captured Nanjing (Nanking) in late August, which put an end to the fighting.

Peace negotiations proceeded quickly, resulting in the Treaty of Nanjing, signed on August 29. By its provisions, China was required to pay Britain a large indemnity, cede Hong Kong Island to the British, and increase the number of treaty ports where the British could trade and reside from one (Canton) to five.

 Among the four additional designated ports was Shanghai, and the new access to foreigners there marked the beginning of the city’s transformation into one of China’s major commercial entrepôts. 

TheBritish Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue (Humen), signed October 8, 1843, gave British citizensextraterritoriality (the right to be tried by British courts) and most-favoured-nation status (Britain was granted any rights in China that might be granted to other foreign countries). Other Western countries quickly demanded and were given similar privileges.


@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

TREATY OF NANKING  1842 AUGUST 29



Reparations and demobilisation[edit]

Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce between Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and the Emperor of China
Signing of the treaty on board HMS Cornwallis
Type	Bilateral / Unequal
Signed	29 August 1842
Effective	26 June 1843
Condition	Exchange of ratifications
Parties	China  United Kingdom
Languages	English and Chinese
Treaty of Nanking at Wikisource

The Qing government agreed to make Hong Kong Island a crown colony, ceding it to the British Queen "in perpetuity" (常遠, Cháng yuǎn, in the Chinese version of the treaty), to provide British traders with a harbour where they could unload their goods (Article III). Pottinger was later appointed the first governor of Hong Kong.

The Qing government was obliged to pay the British government six million silver dollars for the opium that had been confiscated by Lin Zexu in 1839 (Article IV),

 3 million dollars in compensation for debts that the Hong merchants in Canton owed British merchants (Article V), 

and a further 12 million dollars in war reparations for the cost of the war (VI). 

The total sum of 21 million dollars was to be paid in installments over three years and the Qing government would be charged an annual interest rate of 5 percent for the money that was not paid in a timely manner (Article VII).[3]

The Qing government undertook to release all British prisoners of war (Article VIII) and 

to give a general amnesty to all Chinese subjects who had cooperated with the British during the war (Article IX).[3]

Treaty of Nanking
Traditional Chinese	南京條約
Simplified Chinese	南京条约
[show]Transcriptions

The British on their part, undertook to withdraw all of their troops from Nanking and the Grand Canal after the emperor had given his assent to the treaty and the first installment of money had been received (Article XII). British troops would remain in Gulangyu and Zhoushan until the Qing government had paid reparations in full (Article XII).[3]