Showing posts with label NICHOLAS II. Show all posts
Showing posts with label NICHOLAS II. Show all posts

Saturday, 4 July 2020

Why Czar Nicholas II and the Romanovs Were Murdered







     Why Czar Nicholas II and 
the Romanovs Were Murdered

The imperial family fell out of favor with the Russian public long before their execution by Bolsheviks in July 1918.
ERIN BLAKEMORE
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
Czar Nicholas II of Russia.

Laski Diffusion/Getty Images

When Nicholas Romanov was crowned czar of Russia in 1894, he seemed bewildered. “What is going to happen to me…to all Russia?” he asked an advisor when he assumed the throne. “I am not prepared to be Czar. I never even wanted to become one.”

Twenty-four years later, he seemed just as bewildered as a group of armed thugs, members of the Bolshevik secret police, moved in to assassinate him. Though he had been deposed months earlier, his crown and his name stolen from him and his family imprisoned, he did not expect to be murdered.

But unlike Czar Nicholas, historians have pieced together the exact reasons why the Romanov family was brutally assassinated and the context that led to their downfall.

Coronation of Tsar Nicholas II
Czar Nicholas II and empress Alexandra in coronation robes, 1894.

Universal History Archive/UIG/Getty Images

Russians turn against Nicholas II after a series of unpopular decisions
The roots of the Romanov family’s murder can be found in the earliest days of Nicholas’ reign. The eldest son of Emperor Alexander III, Nicholas was his father’s designated heir. But Alexander did not adequately prepare his son to rule a Russia that was wracked with political turmoil. A strict autocrat, Alexander believed that a czar had to rule with an iron fist. He forbade anyone within the Russian Empire to speak non-Russian languages (even those in places like Poland), cracked down on the freedom of the press, and weakened his people’s political institutions.


As a result, Nicholas inherited a restless Russia. A few days after his coronation in 1894, nearly 1,400 of his subjects died during a huge stampede. They had gathered on a large field in Moscow to receive coronation gifts and souvenirs, but the day ended in tragedy. It was a disturbing beginning to Nicholas’ reign, and his bungled response earned him the nickname “Nicholas the Bloody.”

Throughout his reign, Nicholas faced growing discontent from his subjects. He fought a war the people weren’t behind. His government massacred nearly 100 unarmed protesters during a peaceful assembly in JAN 8, 1905. And he struggled to maintain a civil relationship with the Duma, the representative branch of the Russian government.


World War I catastrophes and Rasputin’s reputation erode Nicholas’ public support
Nicholas’ son, the crown prince, Alexei, was born with hemophilia. But the family kept his disease, which would cause him to bleed to death from a slight cut, a secret. The Empress Alexandra, his wife, became increasingly under the thrall of Grigori Rasputin, a mystic whom she believed had saved Alexei’s life. Rasputin’s growing influence within the family caused suspicion among the public, who resented his power.

Then, in 1914, Russia was drawn into World War I, but was unprepared for the scale and magnitude of the fighting. Nicholas’ subjects were horrified by the number of casualties the country sustained. Russia had the largest number of deaths in the war—over 1.8 million military deaths, and about 1.5 million civilian deaths.


The war eroded whatever semblance of control Nicholas still had over the country. Without men at home to farm, the food system collapsed, the transportation system fell apart, and the people began to riot. At first, Nicholas refused to abdicate, but in March 1917, he stepped down.

Romanov Family Murdered
The half-basement room of the Ipatiev house where the imperial family was kept by the Bolsheviks.

Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images

During the October Revolution, Bolsheviks imprison the imperial family in remote house
In November 1917, Bolshevik revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin took over the government. Nicholas tried to convince the British and then the French to give him asylum—after all, his wife was the granddaughter of Queen Victoria. But both countries refused, and the Romanovs found themselves in the hands of the newly formed revolutionary government.

The Romanovs new life was dramatically different from the regal, opulent life they had lived in the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Both Nicholas and the Empress Alexandra were in denial and refused to give up hope that they’d be saved. Instead, they were shuffled from house to house. Finally, they were imprisoned in a home that the Bolsheviks called “the house of special purpose.”

The family that had once lived in a regal home now camped out in the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, a house with no bed linens, lots of dust, and not enough plates or silverware. Soldiers hassled them, drawing lewd images on the walls of the bathroom and covering them with obscene poems about Alexandra.

Romanov Family execution
The front page of French newspaper Le Petit Journal Illustre in, 1926, depicting the massacre of Czar Nicolas II of Russia and his family by the Bolsheviks in the half-basement room of the Ipatiev house.

Leemage/UIG/Getty Images

After months of plotting, the Romanov family is assassinated by their Bolshevik captors
Finally, late at night on July 17, 1918, the Romanov family was awoken and told to get ready for another move. Still hoping to escape, the women packed up their things and put on clothing into which they had sewn precious jewelry, religious icons and a large amount of money. Then, unexpectedly, their captors turned on them, attacking them first with bullets, then with the butts of guns, bayonets and even their own heels and fists. All seven of the Romanovs—and the last gasp of the Russian monarchy—were dead.

What may have looked like an impromptu murder was in fact a carefully planned act of violence. For days, the Romanovs’ Bolshevik captors had been preparing the house for the murder, including stocking up on benzene with which to burn the corpses and sulfuric acid with which to maim them beyond recognition.

Yakov Yurovsky, who had coordinated and led the killings, was personally recognized by Lenin, the head of the Bolsheviks, for the murders. But while the country was informed of the Czar’s assassination, the public was left in the dark about the rest of the family’s gruesome fate—and the location of their bodies—until the fall of the Soviet Union.

Lenin, Yurovsky, and the revolutionaries all saw Nicholas and the monarchy he stood for as a cancer that made it impossible for the working class to rise. But ironically, the assassinations they orchestrated to murder the monarchy for good had consequences for their cause. News that Nicholas had been assassinated almost completely overshadowed the political victories Lenin and his fellow revolutionaries had achieved, and pushed the Russian Revolution off the front page of newspapers. And, ironically, the deaths of Nicholas, Alexandra and their five children made many Russians yearn for the monarchy.


Even today, there is a contingent of Russian society that wants to restore the monarchy, including an oligarch who funds a school designed to prepare rich Russians for a future monarchy. Nicholas may not have known how to rule Russia, but the monarchy he felt so ambivalent about has maintained some of its pull even 100 years after his murder. 




1894 இல் நிக்கோலஸ் ரோமானோவ் ரஷ்யாவின் ஜார் ஆக முடிசூட்டப்பட்டபோது, ​​அவர் திகைத்துப் போனார். \"எனக்கு என்ன நடக்கப்போகிறது ... எல்லா ரஷ்யாவிற்கும்?\" அவர் அரியணையை ஏற்றுக் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளும் முன்பு  தன்  ஆலோசகரிடம் கேட்டார். நானா ? எல்லா ரஷ்யாவுக்குமா ? என்று ஆச்சரியத்தில் மூழ்கினார் “நான் ஜார் ஆக தயாராக இல்லை. நான் ஒருபோதும் ஆக விரும்பவில்லை. ”

இருபத்தி நான்கு ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு, 
அவர் ஒரு ஆயுதமேந்திய குண்டர்கள், போல்ஷிவிக் ரகசிய காவல்துறை உறுப்பினர்கள், அவரை படுகொலை செய்ய உணருகையில்  திகைத்துப் போனார். அவர் பல மாதங்களுக்கு முன்னர் பதவி நீக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டிருந்தாலும், அவரது கிரீடம் மற்றும் அவரது பெயர் அவரிடமிருந்தும் அவரது குடும்பத்தினரிடமிருந்தும் திருடப்பட்டிருந்தாலும், தான் கொலை செய்யப்படுவோம் என்று ஒருபோதும் எண்ணியதில்லை 

ஆனால் ஜார் நிக்கோலஸைப் போலல்லாமல், ரோமானோவ் குடும்பம் கொடூரமாக படுகொலை செய்யப்பட்டதற்கான சரியான காரணங்களையும், அவர்களின் வீழ்ச்சிக்கு வழிவகுத்த சூழலையும் வரலாற்றாசிரியர்கள் ஒன்றாக இணைத்துள்ளனர்.

தொடர்ச்சியான செல்வாக்கற்ற முடிவுகளுக்குப் பிறகு ரஷ்யர்கள் நிக்கோலஸ் II க்கு எதிராகத் திரும்புகின்றனர்
ரோமானோவ் குடும்பத்தின் கொலையின் வேர்களை நிக்கோலஸின் ஆட்சியின் ஆரம்ப நாட்களில் காணலாம். மூன்றாம் அலெக்சாண்டர் மூத்த மகன், நிக்கோலஸ் அவரது தந்தையின் நியமிக்கப்பட்ட வாரிசு. ஆனால் அரசியல் கொந்தளிப்பால் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட ரஷ்யாவை ஆட்சி செய்ய அலெக்ஸாண்டர் தனது மகனை போதுமான அளவு தயாரிக்கவில்லை. ஒரு கடுமையான சர்வாதிகாரி, அலெக்சாண்டர் ஒரு ஜார் ஒரு இரும்பு முஷ்டியுடன் ஆட்சி செய்ய வேண்டும் என்று நம்பினார். ரஷ்ய சாம்ராஜ்யத்திற்குள் உள்ள எவரையும் ரஷ்யரல்லாத மொழிகள் (போலந்து போன்ற இடங்களில் கூட) பேசுவதை அவர் தடைசெய்தார், பத்திரிகை சுதந்திரத்தை முறித்துக் கொண்டார், மேலும் தனது மக்களின் அரசியல் நிறுவனங்களை பலவீனப்படுத்தினார்.

இதன் விளைவாக, நிக்கோலஸ் ஒரு அமைதியற்ற ரஷ்யாவைப் பெற்றார். 1894 இல் அவர் முடிசூட்டப்பட்ட சில நாட்களுக்குப் பிறகு, அவரது குடிமக்களில் கிட்டத்தட்ட3000 பேர் .முடிசூட்டு பரிசுகள் மற்றும் நினைவு பரிசுகளைப் பெறுவதற்காக அவர்கள் மாஸ்கோவில் ஒரு பெரிய வயலில் கூடியிருந்தனர், 1400  ஏழைகள் சுட்டுக்கொல்லப்பட்டனர்  அந்த நாள் சோகத்தில் முடிந்தது. இது நிக்கோலஸின் ஆட்சிக்கு ஒரு குழப்பமான தொடக்கமாக இருந்தது, மேலும் அவரது குழப்பமான பதில் அவருக்கு ுரத்தவெறி பிடித்த நிகோலஸ் என்ற புனைபெயரை பெற்றுத்தந்தது 

அவரது ஆட்சி முழுவதும், நிக்கோலஸ் தனது குடிமக்களிடமிருந்து வளர்ந்து வரும் அதிருப்தியை எதிர்கொண்டார். ஏழைமக்களை இரக்கம்  ஏதுமின்றி நசுக்குவதில் பேருவகை கண்டார்.. ..குறைவான கூலிக்கு வேலை வாங்குவதை எதிர்த்து ஆயுதமின்றி போராட முயன்ற மக்களை சுமார் நூற்றுக்கும் மேல்  துப்பாக்கியால் சுடச்செய்து தன் வினையை தேடிக்கொண்டார் .இதன் பிறகே போல்ஷ்விக் கட்சி தன்னுடய போக்கை மாற்றி தீவிரமாய் போராடியது   ரஷ்ய அரசாங்கத்தின் பிரதிநிதித்துவ கிளையான டுமாவுடன் சிவில் உறவைப் பேண அவர் போராடினார்.

நிக்கோலஸின் மகன், கிரீடம் இளவரசர் அலெக்ஸி, ஹீமோபிலியாவுடன் பிறந்தார். ் இது ஒரு சிறிய வெட்டு, ுஇரத்தப்போக்குக்கு வழிவகுக்கும். இதை குணப்படுத்த வந்த ரஸ்புதீன் என்று மாயக்காரனிடம் அரசின் குடும்பமே மயங்கி நின்றது .இதை வைத்து தன் காரியங்களை அரசருக்கு இணையாக 
நடத்திக்கொண்டான் .அவன் சொன்ன பேச்சுக்கெல்லாம் தலையை ஆட்டினார்கள் .இறுதியாக பொதுமக்களில் ஒருவனே அந்த மாயாவியை கொன்றான்  . குடும்பத்திற்குள் ரஸ்புடினின் வளர்ந்து வரும் செல்வாக்கு பொதுமக்களிடையே சந்தேகத்தை ஏற்படுத்தியது, அவர் தனது அதிகாரத்தை இழந்தது போல் நடந்து கொண்டார் 

.அப்போது, ​​1914 இல், ரஷ்யா முதலாம் உலகப் போருக்குள் இழுக்கப்பட்டது, ஆனால் சண்டையின் அளவிற்கும் அளவிற்கும் தயாராக இல்லை. நிக்கோலஸின் போக்கினால்  நாடு எத்தனை உயிரிழப்புகளால் திகிலடைந்தன. ரஷ்யாவில் போரில் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான இறப்புகள் இருந்தன - 1.8 மில்லியனுக்கும் அதிகமான இராணுவ இறப்புகள் மற்றும் சுமார் 1.5 மில்லியன் பொதுமக்கள் இறப்பு.

ரஷ்ய பொருளாதாரத்தை உலகப்போர் புரட்டி போட்டது .தானிய உற்பத்தி இல்லாததால் பசி பஞ்சம் தலைவிரித்து ஆடியது .இதை போக்க அரசாங்கம் எந்த நடவடிக்கை எடுக்காமல் போகவே போல்ஷ்விக் கட்சி ஆட்சி அதிகாரத்தை கைப்பற்றியது. பண்ணைக்கு வீட்டில் ஆண்கள் இல்லாமல், உணவு முறை சரிந்தது, போக்குவரத்து முறை சிதைந்தது, மக்கள் கலவரம் செய்யத் தொடங்கினர். முதலில், நிக்கோலஸ் பதவி விலக மறுத்துவிட்டார், ஆனால் மார்ச் 1917 இல் அவர் பதவி விலகினார்.
அக்டோபர் புரட்சியின் போது, ​​போல்ஷிவிக்குகள் ஏகாதிபத்திய குடும்பத்தை தொலைதூர வீட்டில் சிறையில் அடைத்தனர்
நவம்பர் 1917 இல், விளாடிமிர் லெனின் தலைமையிலான போல்ஷிவிக் புரட்சியாளர்கள் அரசாங்கத்தை கைப்பற்றினர். நிக்கோலஸ் பிரிட்டிஷாரையும் பின்னர் பிரெஞ்சுக்காரர்களையும் புகலிடம் கேட்டு மன்றாடினார் .எல்லாவற்றிற்கும் மேலாக, அவரது மனைவி விக்டோரியா மகாராணியின் பேத்தி. ஆனால் இரு நாடுகளும் மறுத்துவிட்டன, ரோமானோவ்ஸ் புதிதாக அமைக்கப்பட்ட புரட்சிகர அரசாங்கத்தின் கைகளில் வகையாக சிக்கிக்கொண்டார் 

ரோமானோவ்ஸின் புதிய வாழ்க்கை, செயின்ட் பீட்டர்ஸ்பர்க்கில் உள்ள குளிர்கால அரண்மனையில் அவர்கள் வாழ்ந்த ரெஜல், செழிப்பான வாழ்க்கையிலிருந்து வியத்தகு முறையில் வேறுபட்டது. நிக்கோலஸ் மற்றும் பேரரசி அலெக்ஸாண்ட்ரா இருவரும் காப்பாற்றப்படுவார்கள் என்ற நம்பிக்கையை கைவிட மறுத்துவிட்டனர். மாறாக, அவர்கள் வீடு வீடாக மாற்றப்பட்டனர். இறுதியாக, அவர்கள் போல்ஷிவிக்குகள் \"சிறப்பு நோக்கத்திற்கான வீடு\" என்று அழைக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு வீட்டில் சிறையில் அடைக்கப்பட்டனர்.

ஒரு காலத்தில் ஒரு ரீகல் வீட்டில் வசித்து வந்த குடும்பம் இப்போது யெகாடெரின்பர்க்கில் உள்ள இபட்டீவ் ஹவுஸில் முகாமிட்டுள்ளது, எந்த வசதியும் இல்லாத வீட்டில் தூசி நிறைந்த ,சுகாதாரம்   அற்ற வீட்டில் அடைக்கப்பட்டனர் .போதுமான வட்டில் ,படுக்க கட்டிலில் விரிப்பு இல்லாமை 
அவர்களை நோகச்செய்திருந்தது .. சிப்பாய்கள் அவர்களைத் தொந்தரவு செய்தனர், குளியலறையின் சுவர்களில் மோசமான படங்களை வரைந்து அலெக்ஸாண்ட்ரா பற்றிய ஆபாச கவிதைகளால் அவற்றை மூடினர்.

பல மாத சதித்திட்டங்களுக்குப் பிறகு, ரோமானோவ் குடும்பத்தினர் தங்கள் போல்ஷிவிக் சிறைப்பிடிக்கப்பட்டவர்களால் படுகொலை செய்யப்படுகிறார்கள்
இறுதியாக, ஜூலை 17, 1918 அன்று, ரோமானோவ் குடும்பத்தினர் விழித்துக் கொண்டு, மற்றொரு நடவடிக்கைக்குத் தயாராகுங்கள் என்று கூறினார். தப்பிக்க வேண்டும் என்ற நம்பிக்கையில், பெண்கள் தங்கள் பொருட்களைக் கட்டிக்கொண்டு, விலைமதிப்பற்ற நகைகள், மதச் சின்னங்கள் மற்றும் ஏராளமான பணத்தை தைத்த ஆடைகளை அணிந்தார்கள். பின்னர், எதிர்பாராத விதமாக, சிறைப்பிடிக்கப்பட்டவர்கள் அவர்கள் மீது திரும்பி, முதலில் தோட்டாக்களால் தாக்கினர், பின்னர் துப்பாக்கிகள், பயோனெட்டுகள் மற்றும் அவர்களின் சொந்த குதிகால் மற்றும் கைமுட்டிகளால் கூட தாக்கினர். ரோமானோவ்ஸில் ஏழு பேரும் ரஷ்ய முடியாட்சியின் கடைசி மூச்சும் இறந்தன.

ஒரு முன்கூட்டியே கொலை என்பது உண்மையில் கவனமாக திட்டமிடப்பட்ட வன்முறை செயல் என்று தோன்றியிருக்கலாம். பல நாட்களாக, ரோமானோவ்ஸின் போல்ஷிவிக் சிறைப்பிடிக்கப்பட்டவர்கள் கொலைக்கு வீட்டைத் தயாரித்துக் கொண்டிருந்தனர், அனைவரையும் கொலைசெய்த பின்  பென்சீன் வைத்து எரித்தனர் .பின்னர் சலஃபியூரிக் அமிலம் கொண்டுபிணம் புதைத்த  தடையத்தையே அழித்தனர்.  

கொலைகளை ஒருங்கிணைத்து வழிநடத்திய யாகோவ் யூரோவ்ஸ்கி, கொலைக்கு போல்ஷிவிக்குகளின் தலைவரான லெனினால் தனிப்பட்ட முறையில் அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்டார். ஜார் படுகொலை குறித்து நாட்டிற்கு அறிவிக்கப்பட்டாலும், சோவியத் யூனியனின் வீழ்ச்சி வரை குடும்பத்தின் எஞ்சிய கொடூரமான விதியைப் பற்றியும் அவர்களின் உடல்களின் இருப்பிடம் பற்றியும் பொதுமக்கள் அறிய முடியாது போயினர் 
லெனின், யூரோவ்ஸ்கி மற்றும் புரட்சியாளர்கள் அனைவரும் நிக்கோலஸையும் அவர் நிற்கும் முடியாட்சியையும் ஒரு புற்றுநோயாகக் கண்டனர், இது தொழிலாள வர்க்கத்தின் உயர்வுக்கு சாத்தியமில்லை. ஆனால் முரண்பாடாக, முடியாட்சியை நன்மைக்காக கொலை செய்ய அவர்கள் திட்டமிட்ட படுகொலைகள் அவற்றின் காரணத்திற்காக விளைவுகளை ஏற்படுத்தின. நிக்கோலஸ் படுகொலை செய்யப்பட்டார் என்ற செய்தி லெனினும் அவரது சக புரட்சியாளர்களும் அடைந்த அரசியல் வெற்றிகளை முற்றிலுமாக மறைத்து, ரஷ்ய புரட்சியை செய்தித்தாள்களின் முதல் பக்கத்தில் இருந்து தள்ளிவிட்டது. முரண்பாடாக, நிக்கோலஸ், அலெக்ஸாண்ட்ரா மற்றும் அவர்களது ஐந்து குழந்தைகளின் இறப்பு பல ரஷ்யர்களை முடியாட்சிக்காக ஏங்க வைத்தது.

இன்றும் கூட, ரஷ்ய சமுதாயத்தின் ஒரு குழு முடியாட்சியை மீட்டெடுக்க விரும்புகிறது, வருங்கால முடியாட்சிக்கு பணக்கார ரஷ்யர்களை தயார்படுத்த வடிவமைக்கப்பட்ட பள்ளிக்கு நிதியளிக்கும் ஒரு தன்னலக்குழு உட்பட. நிக்கோலஸுக்கு ரஷ்யாவை எவ்வாறு ஆட்சி செய்வது என்று தெரியாது, ஆனால் அவர் மிகவும் இராஜதந்திரமாக உணர்ந்த முடியாட்சி, கொலை செய்யப்பட்ட 100 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகும் அதன் சில இழுப்புகளைத் தக்க வைத்துக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

BY ERIN BLAKEMORE



.This week marks the 100th anniversary of the execution of the Russian royal family by their Bolshevik captors, one of the most shocking events in 20th century history.

Tsar Nicholas II, the Tsarina Alexandra and their five children, along with three servants and the family physician, Dr Yevgeny Botkin, were slain in cold blood in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16 July 1918.

The Romanovs had been detained since the February Revolution in Petrograd (now St Petersburg), when the tsar was forced to abdicate on 15 March after losing control of the violent uprising in which bread rioters and industrial strikers fought police and gendarmes loyal to the monarchy, the tide turning definitively when members of the Russian military mutinied..

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Chaos ensued, a republican provisional government was installed under Alexander Kerensky and the royals were taken into custody after an offer of asylum by Britain was withdrawn on the advice of King George V.

They were imprisoned first in Alexander Palace at Tsarskoe Selo, then in Tobolsk in Tyumen-Oblast, before finally being moved to Yekaterinburg by train on 30 April 1918.

Alexei Romanov, 13, suffered an attack of bleeding as a result of the haemophilia that beset the family at this time and only joined his parents three weeks later, along with his sisters Olga, Tatiana and Anastasia, who were sexually assaulted by their guards in transit.

In Yekaterinburg, the prisoners were held inside a fortified mansion with whitewashed windows in the town centre that had once belonged to a local military engineer named Nikolai Nikolayevich Ipatiev.

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Commandeered by Ural Soviet officials, who had ordered the owner to vacate the premises, the property was sinisterly rechristened “The House of Special Purpose” and served as a prison in which the imperial royal family were held for the final 78 days of their lives.

Maxim machine gun nests were trained on the residence while the Popov House across the street served as a makeshift barracks, where the soldiers brought women, drank and played cards off duty. Pleas for news of the Romanovs from concerned members of the European diplomatic community went unanswered.

During that time, the family adapted to their circumstances: Nicholas reading and the boisterous grand duchesses Maria and Anastasia befriending their guards to stave off boredom, the former becoming romantically involved with one, Ivan Skorokhodov, and conspiring with him on how the Romanovs might escape.


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Skorokhodov smuggled a birthday cake into the compound and presented it to Maria on 26 June when she turned 19, but was subsequently removed from duty when his superior, Filipp Goloshchekin, learned of their relationship and tightened security.




They were allowed into the garden for exercise but had no view other than the sky and the spire of the Voznesensky Cathedral as a high wooden palisade had been erected around the perimeter of the Ipatiev House to conceal them from the public gaze.

The fate of the Romanovs was seemingly undecided until July, when the White Guard – still loyal to the tsar – began to move in on Yekaterinburg and looked certain to capture it.

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Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexei (Ron Cardy/Rex)
The Bolsheviks could not afford to have the Romanovs fall into the hands of the Whites, lest they became symbols around which anti-communists could rally or provide foreign governments with an alternative head of state to recognise.

Goloshchekin travelled to Moscow to obtain the order for the assassination and is thought to have secured it from Vladimir Lenin himself, although no paper trail exists to confirm the fact, no doubt deliberate on the part of the Bolshevik leader.

“Revolutions are meaningless without firing squads,” he famously said.

On the night of the killing, the guards entered the bedroom of Dr Botkin shortly after midnight and found him awake at his journal. They ordered him to rouse the sleeping Romanovs and tell them to dress for a long journey.

Outside in the street, the engine was started on a Fiat truck, intended to ferry the bodies away, in order to mask the sound of screaming.

Having gathered the royals in the basement, Commandant Yakov Yurovsky, charged with organising the execution, read aloud the death sentence from the Ural Executive Committee to the assembled royals and their loyal domestics, still rubbing the sleep from their eyes. Alexei, too sick to stand, was sat in a chair.

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Grand Duchess Anastasia (Universal History Archive/UIG/Rex)
When the firing commenced, the bullets flew wildly, some ricocheting off the Romanov children because they had sewn diamonds into their underclothes to keep the family valuables safe, ensuring they could pay their way in the event that they did escape.

The members of the inexperienced death squad, brandishing an assortment of firearms, were themselves hit in the melee. Nicholas died instantly but several members of the family were only injured, writhing in their own blood on the basement floor as caustic gunpowder smoke filled the air.

Their leader, Peter Ermakov, was drunk at the time and only managed to hit Maria in the thigh as she tried to run for the doors.

Panicking and fearing the cries would be overheard at street level despite the rumble of the truck, the revolutionaries set about them with bayonets, running the tsarina and her children through and firing at their heads. The violence lasted a horrifying 20 minutes, with one of the killers later recalling that the scene was as slippery as the surface of an ice rink, according to historian Simon Sebag Montefiore.

Two of the girls were still breathing when the bodies were carried out, a fact that has been cited as the origin point for the myth of Anastasia’s escape.

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In fact, the only survivor of the massacre was Alexei’s pet spaniel Joy, who was subsequently rescued by Colonel Paul Rodzianko of the British Expeditionary Force and brought to live in Windsor. Like the shootings, the secret disposal of the victims’ remains was also badly bungled. Yurovsky’s men piled the corpses into the truck, which broke down on route to the nearby Koptyaki woods. They were met by 25 accomplices, also drunk, who had arrived on horseback bearing lamps and expressed disappointment that the Romanovs were already dead as they had hoped to have the pleasure of lynching them..Ermakov, in his stupor, had only brought one shovel, so Yurovsky dismissed the work crew, retaining only five to help with the burial in an abandoned mineshaft. It was only after having stripped the dead of their clothing, looting the hidden jewels and dousing them in sulphuric acid that Yurovsky realised the mine was too shallow to be secure.

After returning to Yekaterinburg to discuss the problem, it was decided to retrieve the bodies and rebury them in a deeper copper mine to the west. On route, the truck became stuck in the mud in a hollow known as Porosenkov Log (”Pig’s Meadow”), where, too exhausted to continue, the men dug a mass grave and dumped the cadavers, pouring more acid over the remains, smashing the bones to splinters with their rifle butts before concealing their handiwork and returning to town. Tsar Nicholas II has been described by Montefiore as “diminutive and hardly majestic… his looks and immaculate manners concealed an astonishing arrogance, contempt for the educated political classes, vicious antisemitism, and an unshakable belief in his right to rule as a sacred autocrat”.

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The unremarkable spot in Porosenkov Log where remains of Maria and Alexei were found in 2007 (Oliver Carroll/The Independent)
He was not trusted by his ministers and his indulgence of the self-styled mystic and charlatan Grigori Rasputin gave his many enemies reason to persecute him.But the fate of the Romanovs was brutal beyond reason.

The rediscovery of Nicholas, Alexandra, Olga, Tatiana and Anastasia’s bones in 1979 by amateur investigator Alexander Avdonin allowed them to be reburied in the family crypt in St Petersburg in 1998.

The remains of Alexei and Maria were found in 2007 but have so far not been reunited with those of their tragic family due to a DNA dispute raised by the Russian Orthodox Church.

A century later, the Romanov ghosts are still not at peace.







.1918 ஜூலை 17

இரண்டாம் நிக்கலாசு (Nicholas II அல்லது நிக்கொலாய் II அலெக்சாந்திரொவிச் ரொமானொவ் (Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov, உருசியம்: Никола́й II Алекса́ндрович Рома́нов; (18 மே [பழைய நாட்காட்டி 6 மே] 1868 – 17 சூலை 1918), உருசிய மரபுவழித் திருச்சபையில் புனிதர் நிக்கலாசு உருசியம்: Свято́й страстоте́рпец Никола́й) என அறியப்பட்டவர் உருசியப் பேரரசின் கடைசிப் பேரரசராக 1894 நவம்பர் 1 முதல் 1917 மார்ச் 15 இல் பதவியில் இருந்து அகற்றப்படும் வரை பதவியில் இருந்தவர். இவரது ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் உலகின் மிகப் பெரும் வல்லரசாக இருந்த உருசியப் பேரரசு பொருளாதார மற்றும் இராணுவ ரீதியாக பெரும் வீழ்ச்சியைக் கண்டது. சோவியத் வரலாற்றாசிரியர்களால் அவர் ஒரு பலவீனமான, திறமையற்ற தலைவராக அறியப்பட்டார். அவரது செயல்கள் இராணுவத் தோல்விகளுக்கும் மில்லியன் கணக்கான குடிமக்களின் இறப்புகளுக்கும் வழிவகுத்தன. இதற்கு மாறாக, ஆங்கிலோ-உருசிய வரலாற்றாளர் நிக்கோலாய் தால்சுதாய் "நிக்கலாசின் ஆட்சியில் பல மோசமான நிகழ்வுகள் இடம்பெற்றன ஆயினும், அவர் ஒரு எதேச்சதிகாரத்தை மரபுரிமையாகப் பெற்றார், அவருடைய செயல்களுடன் ஒப்பிடுகையில், அவரை விடப் பயங்கரமான குற்றங்கள் சோவியத்துகளால் செய்யப்பட்டன" என்கிறார்.[1]

பேரரசராக, நிக்கலாசு அவரது உயர்மட்ட உதவியாளர்களான செர்கே விட்டே, பியோத்தர் இசுத்தாலிப்பின் ஆகியோரால் ஊக்குவிக்கப்பட்ட பொருளாதார, அரசியல் சீர்திருத்தங்களுக்கு மட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்ட ஆதரவை வழங்கினார், ஆனால் அவர்கள் முழுமையாக பிரபுத்துவ எதிர்ப்பை எதிர்கொண்டனர். வெளிநாட்டுக் கடன்கள் மற்றும் பிரான்சுடனான நெருங்கிய உறவுகளின் அடிப்படையில் நவீனமயமாக்கலை அவர் ஆதரித்தார், ஆனால் புதிய நாடாளுமன்றத்திற்கு (தூமா) முக்கிய அதிகாரங்களை வழங்குவதை எதிர்த்தார். கோதின்கா அவலம், யூதர்களுக்கு எதிரான படுகொலைகள், 1905 இரத்த ஞாயிறு, 1905 உருசியப் புரட்சி வன்முறை அடக்குமுறை, அரசியல் எதிரிகளை அடக்குதல் மற்றும் உருசிய-சப்பானியப் போர் (1904-1905) தோல்விக்கு அவரது பொறுப்பு ஆகியவற்றால் அவர் விமர்சிக்கப்பட்டார். இதன் மூலம் சுசீமா போரில் உருசிய பால்ட்டிக் கடற்படையை நிர்மூலமாக்கியமை, மஞ்சூரியா மற்றும் கொரியா மீது உருசியா செல்வாக்கை இழந்தமை, சக்காலின் தீவின் தெற்குப் பகுதி சப்பானுடன் இணைத்தமை ஆகியன இவருக்குப் பெரும் பின்னடைவைக் கொடுத்தது.


உருசியப் பேரரசின் கடைசி மன்னர் இரண்டாம் நிக்கலாசும் அவரது குடும்பமும். 1913 லிவாதியா அரண்மனை: (இடமிருந்து வலமாக): ஓல்கா, மரியா, இரண்டாம் நிக்கலாசு, அல்கெசாந்திரா பியோதரொவ்னா, அனசுத்தாசியா, அலெக்சி, த்தத்தியானா.
நிக்கலாசு 1907 ஆம் ஆண்டின் ஆங்கிலோ-உருசிய ஒப்பந்தத்தில் கையெழுத்திட்டார், இது செருமனி மத்திய கிழக்கில் செல்வாக்கைப் பெறுவதற்கான முயற்சிகளை எதிர்கொள்ள வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டது. இவ்வொப்பந்தம் உருசியாவிற்கும் பிரித்தானியாவிற்கும் இடையிலான மோதலின் பெரும் போரை முடிவுக்குக் கொண்டுவந்தது. அவர் செர்பியாவை ஆதரித்தார், 1914 சூலை 30 இல் உருசிய இராணுவத்தை நவீனமயப்படுத்த ஒப்புதல் அளித்தார். இதற்குப் பதிலளிக்கும் விதமாக, செருமனி 1914 ஆகத்து 1 இல் உருசியா மீதும், ஆகத்து 3 இல் உருசியாவின் நட்பு நாடான பிரான்சு மீதும் போரை அறிவித்து,[2] முதலாம் உலகப் போர் தொடங்க வழிவகுத்தது. மக்களால் வெறுக்கப்பட்ட வேளாண்மைப் பாதிரியார் கிரிகோரி ரஸ்புடினின் நிக்கலாசு மீதான சக்திவாய்ந்த செல்வாக்கைக் கண்டு பிரபுக்கள் அவரை எச்சரித்தனர். கடுமையான இராணுவ இழப்புகள் 1917 பெப்ரவரிப் புரட்சியில் ரொமானோவ் அரண்மனையின் வீழ்ச்சிக்கு வழிவகுத்தது. அவரது மாளிகையிலும் வெளியேயும் நிக்கலாசின் மன உறுதி சரிந்தது. நிக்கலாசு பதவி விலகினார். போல்செவிக்குகள் அவரை சிறையில் அடைத்து 1918 சூலை 16 இல் மனைவி மற்றும் ஐந்து பிள்ளைகளுடன் சேர்த்து நிக்கலாசை தூக்கிலிட்டனர்.


புனிதர்களாக அறிவிப்பு
1981 ஆம் ஆண்டில், நிக்கலாசு, அவரது மனைவி மற்றும் அவர்களது குழந்தைகள் உருசியாவிற்கு வெளியே நியூயார்க் நகரத்தில் உருசிய மரபுவழித் திருச்சபையினால் தியாகிகளாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்டனர்.[3] 1991 இல் சோவியத் கம்யூனிசத்தின் வீழ்ச்சிக்குப் பின்னர், நிக்கலாசு குடும்பத்தின் எச்சங்கள் வெளியெடுக்கப்பட்டு 1998 சூலை 17 அன்று சென் பீட்டர்ஸ்பேர்க்கில் ஒரு விரிவான அரசு மற்றும் தேவாலய விழாவுடன் மீண்டும் புதைக்கப்பட்டன.[4] 2000 ஆம் ஆன்டு ஆகத்து 15 இல் உருசிய மரபுவழித் திருச்சபை அவர்களைப் புனிதர்களாக அறிவித்தது.[5][6]

நிக்கலாசின் குடும்பம்
அலெக்சாந்திரா பியோதரொவ்னா, அரசி (1872-1918, அகவை 46)
ஒல்கா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1895-1918, அகவை 23)
தத்தியானா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1897-1918, அகவை 21)
மரீயா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1899-1918, அகவை 19)
அனஸ்தாசியா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1901-1918, அகவை 17)
அலெக்சி நிக்கலாயெவ், இளவரசன் (1904-1918, அகவை 14)


Nicholas II of Russia, உருசிய மொழி: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов, நிக்கொலாய் அலெக்சாந்திரொவிச் ரொமானொவ், மே 18 [யூ.நா. மே 6] 1868 – ஜூலை 17 [யூ.நா. ஜூலை 4] 1918) உருசியப் பேரரசின் கடைசி மன்னனும், போலந்தின் மன்னரும்[1] பின்லாந்தின் இளவரசரும் ஆவார்.
இரண்டாம் நிக்கலாசு 1894 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இருந்து 1917 இல் பதவியில் இருந்து அகற்றப்படும் வரையில் உருசியப் பேரரசின் மன்னனாக இருந்தார். முதலாம் உலகப் போரில் உருசிய இராணுவத்தைக் கொண்டு நடத்தினார்.[2] ஆனாலும் நாட்டில் இடம்பெற்ற அரசியல் மாற்றங்களுக்கு ஈடு கொடுக்க முடியாமல், இவரது ஆட்சி உருசியப் புரட்சியை அடுத்து முடிவுக்கு வந்தது. இவரும் இவரது குடும்பமும் கைது செய்யப்பட்டு முதலில் அலெக்சாண்டர் அரண்மனையில் சிறை வைக்கப்பட்டனர். பின்னர் டோபோல்ஸ்க் என்ற இடத்தில் ஆளுநர் மாளிகையிலும் கடைசியாக எக்கத்தரின்பூர்க் என்ற இடத்திலும் சிறை வைக்கப்பட்டனர்.
1918 ஜூலை 16-17களில் நிக்கலாஸ், மனைவி, மற்றும் ஐந்து பிள்ளைகள் உட்பட முழுக் குடும்பமும் போல்ஷெவிக்குகளால் கொல்லப்பட்டனர். 2000 ஆகத்து 15 இல் உருசியப் மரபுவழித் திருச்சபை இவர்களைப் புனிதர்களாக அறிவித்தது.[3][4]
நிக்கலாசின் குடும்பம்[தொகு]
அலெக்சான்ட்ரா ஃபியோதரொவ்னா, அரசி (1872-1918, அகவை 46)
ஒல்கா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1895-1918, அகவை 23)
தத்தியானா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1897-1918, அகவை 21)
மரீயா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1899-1918, அகவை 19)
அனஸ்தாசியா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1901-1918, அகவை 17)
அலெக்சி நிக்கலாயெவ், இளவரசன் (1904-1918, அகவை 14)


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Wednesday, 26 July 2017

NICHOLAS II OF RUSSIA MURDERED BY BOLSVIC PARTY



NICHOLAS II OF RUSSIA  MURDERED BY BOLSVIC PARTY

உருசியாவின் இரண்டாம் நிக்கலாசு கொலை ,
1918 ஜூலை 17
Nicholas II of Russia, உருசிய மொழி: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов, நிக்கொலாய் அலெக்சாந்திரொவிச் ரொமானொவ், மே 18 [யூ.நா. மே 6] 1868 – ஜூலை 17 [யூ.நா. ஜூலை 4] 1918) உருசியப் பேரரசின் கடைசி மன்னனும், போலந்தின் மன்னரும்[1] பின்லாந்தின் இளவரசரும் ஆவார்.
இரண்டாம் நிக்கலாசு 1894 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இருந்து 1917 இல் பதவியில் இருந்து அகற்றப்படும் வரையில் உருசியப் பேரரசின் மன்னனாக இருந்தார். முதலாம் உலகப் போரில் உருசிய இராணுவத்தைக் கொண்டு நடத்தினார்.[2] ஆனாலும் நாட்டில் இடம்பெற்ற அரசியல் மாற்றங்களுக்கு ஈடு கொடுக்க முடியாமல், இவரது ஆட்சி உருசியப் புரட்சியை அடுத்து முடிவுக்கு வந்தது. இவரும் இவரது குடும்பமும் கைது செய்யப்பட்டு முதலில் அலெக்சாண்டர் அரண்மனையில் சிறை வைக்கப்பட்டனர். பின்னர் டோபோல்ஸ்க் என்ற இடத்தில் ஆளுநர் மாளிகையிலும் கடைசியாக எக்கத்தரின்பூர்க் என்ற இடத்திலும் சிறை வைக்கப்பட்டனர்.
1918 ஜூலை 16-17களில் நிக்கலாஸ், மனைவி, மற்றும் ஐந்து பிள்ளைகள் உட்பட முழுக் குடும்பமும் போல்ஷெவிக்குகளால் கொல்லப்பட்டனர். 2000 ஆகத்து 15 இல் உருசியப் மரபுவழித் திருச்சபை இவர்களைப் புனிதர்களாக அறிவித்தது.[3][4]
நிக்கலாசின் குடும்பம்[தொகு]
அலெக்சான்ட்ரா ஃபியோதரொவ்னா, அரசி (1872-1918, அகவை 46)
ஒல்கா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1895-1918, அகவை 23)
தத்தியானா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1897-1918, அகவை 21)
மரீயா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1899-1918, அகவை 19)
அனஸ்தாசியா நிக்கலாயெவ்னா, இளவரசி (1901-1918, அகவை 17)
அலெக்சி நிக்கலாயெவ், இளவரசன் (1904-1918, அகவை 14)

Nicholas II of Russia


Nicholas II
Emperor of All the Russias
Photo by A. A. Pasetti, of Tsar Nicholas II. St. Petersburg. 1898
Reign1 November, 1894–15 March, 1917
BornMay 18, 1868
Saint Petersburg, Russia
DiedJuly 16, 1918
Yekaterinburg, Russia
PredecessorAlexander III of Russia
SuccessorEmpire abolished, became the Russian SFSR, then the Soviet Union in 1922.
ConsortEmpress Alexandra of Russia
IssueGrand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna
Grand Duke Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich
Royal HouseHouse of Romanov
FatherAlexander III of Russia
MotherMaria Fyodorovna
Nicholas II of Russia (May 18, 1868 – July 17, 1918) (RussianНикола́й IINikolay II) was the last tsar of Russia, the King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland. He ruled from 1894 until his forced abdication in 1917. Nicholas proved unable to manage a country in political turmoil and to command its army during World War I. His rule ended with the Russian Revolution of 1917, after which he and his family were executed by Bolsheviks. Nicholas's full name was Nikolay Aleksandrovich Romanov (Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Рома́нов). His official title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias, though his full title was “We, Nicholas the Second, by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, King of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonesos, Tsar of Georgia, Lord of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalia, Samogitia, Białystok, Karelia, Tver, Yugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria, and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhny Novgorod, Chernigov; Ruler of Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all northern territories; Ruler of Iveria, Kartalinia, and the Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories; hereditary Ruler and Lord of the Cherkess and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth." He is sometimes referred to as Nicholas the Martyr due to his execution and as Bloody Nicholas because of the Khodynka Tragedy during his coronation and his government's suppression of dissent. Subsequent to his canonization, he has been regarded as Saint Nicholas The Passion Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Family background and early life

Nicholas was born in Saint Petersburg, the second eldest son of Tsar Alexander III and Maria Fyodorovna (born Princess Dagmar of Denmark). His paternal grandparents were Alexander II (Russia) and his first consort Maria Alexandrovna of Hesse. His maternal grandparents were Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. His older brother Alexander, who would have been Tsar Alexander IV had he lived, died in infancy.
Nicholas did not have an easy childhood. He was constantly bullied by his father, Alexander III, who did not appreciate Nicholas's shy and sensitive disposition. In front of his friends, his father called him a "girly girl." His mother, Maria Fyodorovna, was a clinging possessive woman who spoiled Nicholas.
Nicholas fell in love with the Princess Alix, a daughter of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse, and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, the latter a daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Alexander III did not approve of this match; hoping to cement Russia's new alliance with France, he had hoped that Nicholas would marry Princess Hélène, the daughter of Count Philippe of the House of Orleans.
As tsarevich, Nicholas did a considerable amount of traveling. During a notable trip to the Empire of Japan, a failed assassination attempt by a sword-wielding man left him with a scar on his forehead. The quick action of his cousin, Prince George of Greece, who parried the second blow with his cane, possibly saved his life. The motivations for this attack remain unclear.

Becomes Emperor


Portrait by L. Tuxen of the coronation of Nicholas II and Alexandra Fyorodovna, at the Upensky Cathedral of the Kremlin on May 14 thru 26, 1896, amongst great splendor and pomp. Seated upon the dais, from left to right, the Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna, Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna, and Tsar Nicholas II
Deemed overly soft by his hard and demanding father, Nicholas received little grooming for his imperial role. When Alexander died at the age of 49 in 1894 of kidney disease after an unexpectedly rapid deterioration of health, Nicholas felt so unprepared for the duties of the crown that he tearfully asked his cousin, "What is going to happen to me and all of Russia?" He nevertheless decided to maintain the conservative policies favored by his father. While Alexander had concentrated on the formulation of general policy, Nicholas devoted much more attention to the details of administration. Historians, including Binjamin Segel in his book A Lie and a Libel: The History of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, have stated that during this period Nicholas commissioned the publication of the anti-Semitic book The Protocols of the Elders of Zion to discredit Nicholas's political opponents as members of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy.[1]

Relationship with the Duma

Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905, on August 6, 1905, Tsar Nicholas IIissued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma (Legislature), initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the subsequent October Manifesto, Nicholas pledged to introduce basic civil liberties, provide for broad participation in the State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. Nicholas's relations with the Duma were not good. The First Duma, with a majority of Constitutional Democratic Party, almost immediately came into conflict with him. Although Nicholas initially had a good relationship with his relatively liberal prime minister, Sergei Witte, Alexandra distrusted him, and as the political situation deteriorated, Nicholas dissolved the Duma. Witte, unable to grasp the seemingly insurmountable problems of reforming Russia and the monarchy, wrote to Nicholas on April 14, 1906, resigning his office (however, other accounts have said that Witte was forced to resign by the tsar). Nicholas was not ungracious to Witte, and an imperial rescript was published on April 22 naming Witte a Knight of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky, with diamonds. (The last two words were written in the tsar's own hand, followed by "I remain unalterably well-disposed to you and sincerely grateful, Nicholas").
After the second Duma resulted in similar problems, the new prime minister Pyotr Stolypin (whom Witte described as “reactionary”) unilaterally dissolved it, and changed the electoral laws to allow for future Dumas to have a more conservative content, and to be dominated by the liberal-conservative Octobrist Party of Alexander Guchkov. Stolypin, a skillful politician, had ambitious plans for reform. These included making loans available to the lower classes to enable them to buy land, with the intent of forming a farming class loyal to the crown. His plans were undercut by conservatives at court who had more influence with the tsar. By the time of Stolypin's assassination by Dmitry Bogrov, a Jewish student (and police informant) in a theatre in Kiev on September 18, 1911, he and the tsar were barely on speaking terms, and his fall was widely foreseen.

Tsarevich Alexei's illness

Further complicating domestic matters was the matter of the succession. Alexandra bore Nicholas four daughters before their son, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, was born on August 12, 1904. The young heir proved to be afflicted with hemophilia, a hereditary disease that prevents the blood from clotting properly. At the time, hemophilia was virtually untreatable and usually led to an untimely death. As a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, Alexandra carried the same gene mutation that afflicted some of the imperial houses of Europe, known as "the royal disease," and thus had passed it on to her son. (It is not conclusively known whether any of her daughters also inherited the gene.)[2]

Silver Coin of Tsar Nicholas II, dated 1898, with the Romanov crest on the reverse.
Because of the fragility of the autocracy at this time, Nicholas and Alexandra chose not to divulge Alexei's condition to anyone outside the royal household. In fact, there were many in the imperial household who were unaware of the exact nature of the tsarevich's illness; they merely knew that he suffered from some serious malady.
In desperation, Alexandra sought help from a mystic, Grigori Rasputin. Rasputin seemed to help when Alexei was suffering from internal bleeding, and Alexandra became increasingly dependent on him and his advice, which she accepted as coming directly from God. It has been widely speculated that Rasputin was able to use hypnosis on the young boy as a means of calming him and thus helping to stem the flow of blood to the injured body part.
Rasputin was known to have been studying hypnosis in St. Petersburg as late as 1913, but he was discovered by Stephen Beletsky, the head of the Special Police detachment that monitored all of Rasputin's activities. He was expelled from the city by the police. Rasputin was murdered by Grand Duke Dmitri, Felix Yusupov, and other conspirators in December 1916, by being, in sequence, poisoned, shot several times, beaten, and drowned in the river. It was the latter which became the cause of his death.

The Great War

Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serb nationalist association known as the Black Hand, in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, Nicholas was hesitant about what Russia's course of action would be. The rising ideas of Pan-Slavism had led Russia to issue treaties of protection to Serbia. Nicholas wanted neither to abandon Serbia to the ultimatum of Austria-Hungary, nor to provoke a general war. In a series of letters exchanged with the German Kaiser (the so-called "Willy and Nick correspondence"), the two proclaimed their desire for peace, and each attempted to get the other to back down. Nicholas took stern measures in this regard, demanding that Russia's mobilization be only against the Austrian border, in the hopes of preventing war with the German Empire. It proved too late for personal communications to determine the course of events.

Official photograph of Nicholas II taken in honor of the tercentenary celebrations of the rule of the Romanov Family in Russia. St. Petersburg, 1913
The Russians had no contingency plans for a partial mobilization, and on July 31, 1914, Nicholas, under political pressure from abroad, and military pressure at home, took the fateful step of confirming the order for a general mobilization. As Germany and Austria-Hungary had mutual defense treaties in place, this led almost immediately to a German mobilization and declaration of war, and the outbreak of World War I.
The outbreak of war on August 1, 1914, found Russia grossly unprepared, yet an immediate attack was ordered against the German province of East Prussia. The Germans mobilized there with great efficiency and completely defeated the two Russian armies which had invaded. The Russian armies, however, later had considerable success against both the Austro-Hungarian armies and against the forces of the Ottoman Empire.
Gradually a war of erosion set in on the vast Eastern Front, where the Russians were facing the combined forces of the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, and they suffered staggering losses. Nicholas, feeling that it was his duty, and that his personal presence would inspire his troops, decided to lead his army directly. He assumed the role of commander-in-chief after dismissing his cousin from that position, the highly respected and experienced Grand Duke Nicholas, following the loss of the Russian Kingdom of Poland in September 1915.
His efforts to oversee the war left domestic issues essentially in the hands of Alexandra. Being of German heritage, she was unpopular and the Duma was constantly calling for political reforms. Political unrest continued throughout the war. Cut off from public opinion, Nicholas did not understand how suspicious the common people were of his wife, who was also the victim of destructive rumors about her dependence on Grigori Rasputin. Nicholas had refused to censor the press, and wild rumors and accusations about Alexandra and Rasputin appeared almost daily. Angry at the damage that Rasputin's influence was doing to Russia's war effort and to the monarchy, a group of nobles, led by Prince Felix Yusupov, murdered Rasputin on December 16, 1916.

Revolution and abdication

The government's inability to maintain constant supplies and an active economy over a prolonged period of warfare led to mounting national hardship. The army's initial failure to maintain the temporary military successes up to June 1916 led to renewed strikes and riots in the following winter. With Nicholas away at the front in 1915, authority appeared to collapse, and St. Petersburg was left in the hands of strikers and mutinying conscript soldiers. At the end of the February Revolution of 1917, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. He issued the following statement:

In the days of the great struggle against the foreign enemies, who for nearly three years have tried to enslave our fatherland, the Lord God has been pleased to send down on Russia a new heavy trial. Internal popular disturbances threaten to have a disastrous effect on the future conduct of this persistent war. The destiny of Russia, the honor of our heroic army, the welfare of the people and the whole future of our dear fatherland demand that the war should be brought to a victorious conclusion whatever the cost. The cruel enemy is making his last efforts, and already the hour approaches when our glorious army together with our gallant allies will crush him. In these decisive days in the life of Russia, We thought it Our duty of conscience to facilitate for Our people the closest union possible and a consolidation of all national forces for the speedy attainment of victory. In agreement with the Imperial Duma, We have thought it well to renounce the Throne of the Russian Empire and to lay down the supreme power. As We do not wish to part from Our beloved son, We transmit the succession to Our brother, the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, and give Him Our blessing to mount the Throne of the Russian Empire. We direct Our brother to conduct the affairs of state in full and inviolable union with the representatives of the people in the legislative bodies on those principles which will be established by them, and on which He will take an inviolable oath.
In the name of Our dearly beloved homeland, We call on Our faithful sons of the fatherland to fulfill their sacred duty to the fatherland, to obey the tsar in the heavy moment of national trials, and to help Him, together with the representatives of the people, to guide the Russian Empire on the road to victory, welfare, and glory. May the Lord God help Russia!
However, Grand Duke Michael declined to accept the throne, which then theoretically fell vacant, pending a decision on the next rightful heir. Contrary to popular belief, Michael never abdicated, as he was never formally crowned. The abdication of Nicholas II and the subsequent revolution brought three centuries of the Romanov dynasty's rule to an end.

Death

The provisional Russian government at first kept Nicholas, Alexandra, and their children confined in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoe Selo, 15 miles south of St. Petersburg. Attempting to remove them from the vicinity of the capital and so from possible harm, the Kerensky government moved them east to Tobolsk, in Siberia in August 1917. They remained there through the Bolshevik October Revolution in November 1917, but were then moved to Red Army and Bolshevik-controlled Yekaterinburg. The tsar and his family, including Botkin, Kharitonov and Trupp were executed at 2:33 A.M. on the morning of July 17, 1918. According to Yakov Yurovsky he read to Nicholas a letter from the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet saying:
In view of the fact that your relatives continue their offensive against Soviet Russia, the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet has decided to sentence you to death.
According to Yurovsky, Nicholas II cried:
Lord, oh my God! Oh my God! What is this? I can't understand you.
The bodies were disposed in a truck which Yurovsky ordered at midnight and taken to the forest to be disposed. The execution was covered up as a disappearance for a while. Soon after, the Bolsheviks announced that only Nicholas had been shot, but that the members of his family had been spirited away to another place. Most reports showed that they had all been executed by a detachment of Bolsheviks led by Yakov Yurovsky, a watchmaker from Perm. Other witnesses swore to have seen the tsarina and her daughters in Perm. King Alfonso XIII of Spain negotiated with the new Soviet government interceding for the remaining members of the family that he thought to be alive.

The last known photograph of Nicholas II, taken after his abdication in March 1917
Then in 1989, Yakov Yurovsky's own report was published, which seemed to show conclusively what had happened that night. The execution took place as units of the Czechoslovak Legion, making their retreat out of Russia, approached Yekaterinburg. Fearing that the Legion would take the town and free him, the tsar's Bolshevik jailers pursued the immediate liquidation of the imperial family, arguing that there was "no turning back."[3] The telegram giving the order on behalf of the Supreme Soviet in Moscow was signed by Jacob Sverdlov, after whom the town was subsequently renamed. Nicholas was the first to die. He was executed with multiple bullets to the head and chest.
The bodies of Nicholas and his family, after being soaked in acid and burned, were long believed to have been disposed of down a mineshaft at a site called the Four Brothers. Initially, this was true — they had indeed been disposed of there on the night of July 17. The following morning, when rumors spread in Yekaterinburg regarding the disposal site, Yurovsky removed the bodies and concealed them elsewhere. When the vehicle carrying the bodies broke down on the way to the next chosen site, Yurovsky made new arrangements, and buried most of the bodies in a sealed and hidden pit on Koptyaki Road, a cart track (now abandoned) 12 miles north of Yekaterinburg. Their remains were later found in 1991 and reburied by the Russian government following a state funeral. The process to identify the remains was exhaustive. Samples were sent to Britain and the United States for DNA testing. The tests concluded that five of the skeletons were members of one family and four were unrelated. Three of the five were determined to be the children of two parents. The mother was linked to the British royal family. The father was determined to be related to Grand Duke George Alexandrovich, younger brother of Nicholas II. British scientists said they were more than ninety-eight percent sure that the remains were those of the tsar, his family and their attendants. Relics from the Otsu Scandal (the failed assassination attempt in Japan on Tsarevich Nicholas, future Nicholas II) proved unhelpful due to contamination.

A ceremony of Christian Burial was held in 1998, and the bodies were laid to rest with State honors in a special chapel in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

Mystery and legend

Two skeletons were not found—Alexei, the 13-year-old heir to the throne; and one of his sisters, either Maria or Anastasia. Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna received worldwide notoriety before the bodies were even found when rumors spread that she alone had survived the execution. Hollywood has made films based on this legend. Anna Anderson, who helped to fuel these rumors and gained a measure of notoriety through her claims to be Anastasia, and her supporters claimed she knew information about the Romanovs that only an intimate member of the family would know. However, DNA testing on Anna Anderson's remains indicated she was an imposter. The Russian Orthodox Church refused to acknowledge the remains as genuine.
During the interment of the bones in 1998, the remains were referred to by the Church as “Christian victims of the Revolution” rather than as the royal family. One reason for this dispute was the absence of any mark from Nicholas's saber wound he received in Japan. Tests done by Japanese scientists showed that the blood of Nicholas's nephew Tikhon did not match with the published profile of Nicholas. A Stanford study done in 2003 suggested some sort of contamination.[4]
In a 1995 book Dead Men Do Tell Tales, forensic anthropologist William Maples stated that he discovered the skeletons of the royal family. The authors of a 2004 Science article,[5] among other scientists, have stated that the DNA results to date have not been conclusive.


Issue

The children of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra as follows:
NameBirthDeathNotes
Grand Duchess Olga NikolaevnaNovember 15, 1895July 17, 1918executed at Yekaterinberg by the Bolsheviks
Grand Duchess Tatiana NikolaevnaJune 10, 1897July 17, 1918executed at Yekaterinberg by the Bolsheviks
Grand Duchess Maria NikolaevnaJune 26, 1899July 17, 1918executed at Yekaterinberg by the Bolsheviks
Grand Duchess Anastasia NikolaevnaJune 18, 1901July 17, 1918executed at Yekaterinberg by the Bolsheviks
Grand Duke Tsarevich AlexeiAugust 12, 1904July 17, 1918executed at Yekaterinberg by the Bolsheviks

Sainthood


Iconic presentation of the Romanov family
In 1981 Nicholas and his immediate family were canonized as saints by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia as martyrs. On August 14, 2000 they were canonized by the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. They were not named martyrs, since their death did not result immediately from their Christian faith; instead they were canonized as passion bearers. According to a statement by the Moscow synod, they were glorified as saints for the following reasons:
In the last Orthodox Russian monarch and members of his family we see people who sincerely strove to incarnate in their lives the commands of the Gospel. In the suffering borne by the Royal Family in prison with humility, patience, and meekness, and in their martyrs deaths in Ekaterinburg in the night of July 17, 1918 was revealed the light of the faith of Christ that conquers evil.




The Execution of

Tsar Nicholas II, 1918

The mounting pressures of World War I, combined with years of injustice, toppled the rule of Tsar Nicholas II in March 1917. Forced to abdicate, he was replaced by a Provisional Government committed to continuing the war.
Increasing losses at the front and the fear of a German advance on Moscow eroded what little support remained for the war 
The Romanov Family
all were executed
Place your cursor on each for more information
and undermined the Provisional Government's authority. Capitalizing on this situation, the Germans secretly transported the exiled Vladimir Lenin in a sealed train from Switzerland to Russia in the hope he would enflame the turmoil. German expectations were realized on the night of November 6-7 when Lenin led the Bolsheviks in a successful attempt to grab the reigns of power in St. Petersburg. Anti-Bolshevik forces (the White Russians) immediately took up arms to oust the Communist regime and Russia was plunged into a brutal civil war. The following March the Communist regime signed a treaty with the Germans ending Russia's participation in World War I.
Against this backdrop of political chaos, the Tsar and his family were initially kept as prisoners near St. Petersburg and then transported beyond the Ural Mountains finally ending up in the town of Ekaterinburg in the Spring of 1918. The seven members of the imperial family and their small retinue were confined to the house of a successful local merchant, N. N. Ipatiev, which had been commandeered by the Bolshevik's for this purpose.
By mid-July a Czech contingent of the White Army was approaching Ekaterinburg and the sounds of gun fire could be heard in the distance by the royal prisoners and their Bolshevik captors. The arrival of their potential liberators sealed the fate of the Tsar and his family.
During the early morning hours of July 17 the Tsar, his wife, children and servants were herded into the cellar of their prison house and executed.
"We must shoot them all tonight."
Pavel Medvedev was a member of the squad of soldiers guarding the royal family. He describes what happened:
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"In the evening of 16 July, between seven and eight p.m., when the time of my duty had just begun; Commandant Yurovsky, [the head of the execution squad] ordered me to take all the Nagan revolvers from the guards and to bring them to him. I took twelve revolvers from the sentries as well as from some other of the guards and brought them to the commandant's office.
Yurovsky said to me, 'We must shoot them all tonight; so notify the guards not to be alarmed if they hear shots.' I understood, therefore, that Yurovsky had it in his mind to shoot the whole of the Tsar's family, as well as the doctor and the servants who lived with them, but I did not ask him where or by whom the decision had been made...At about ten o'clock in the evening in accordance with Yurovsky's order I informed the guards not to be alarmed if they should hear firing.
About midnight Yurovsky woke up the Tsar's family. I do not know if he told them the reason they had been awakened and where they were to be taken, but I positively affirm that it was Yurovsky who entered the room occupied by the Tsar's family. In about an hour the whole of the family, the doctor, the maid and the waiters got up, washed and dressed themselves.
Just before Yurovsky went to awaken the family, two members of the Extraordinary Commission [of the Ekaterinburg Soviet] arrived at Ipatiev's house. Shortly after one o'clock a.m., the Tsar, the Tsaritsa, their four daughters, the maid, the doctor, the cook and the waiters left their rooms. The Tsar carried the heir in his arms. The Emperor and the heir were dressed in gimnasterkas [soldiers' shirts] and wore caps. The Empress, her daughters and the others followed him. Yurovsky, his assistant and the two above-mentioned members of the Extraordinary Commission accompanied them. I was also present.
During my presence none of the Tsar's family asked any questions. They did not weep or cry. Having descended the stairs to the 
The Ipatiev house
first floor, we went out into the court, and from there to the second door (counting from the gate) we entered the ground floor of the house. When the room (which adjoins the store room with a sealed door) was reached, Yurovsky ordered chairs to be brought, and his assistant brought three chairs. One chair was given to the Emperor, one to the Empress, and the third to the heir.
The Empress sat by the wall by the window, near the black pillar of the arch. Behind her stood three of her daughters (I knew their faces very well, because I had seen them every day when they walked in the garden, but I didn't know their names). The heir and the Emperor sat side by side almost in the middle of the room. Doctor Botkin stood behind the heir. The maid, a very tall woman, stood at the left of the door leading to the store room; by her side stood one of the Tsar's daughters (the fourth). Two servants stood against the wall on the left from the entrance of the room.
The maid carried a pillow. The Tsar's daughters also brought small pillows with them. One pillow was put on the Empress's chair; another on the heir's chair. It seemed as if all of them guessed their fate, but not one of them uttered a single sound. At this moment eleven men entered the room: Yurovsky, his assistant, two members of the Extraordinary Commission, and seven Letts [operatives of the infamous Cheka or Secret Police]..
Yurovsky ordered me to leave, saying, 'Go on to the street, see if there is anybody there, and wait to see whether the shots have been heard.' I went out to the court, which was enclosed by a fence, but before I got to the street I heard the firing. I returned to the house immediately (only two or three minutes having elapsed) and upon entering the room where the execution had taken place, I saw that all the members of the Tsar's family were lying on the floor with many wounds in their bodies. The blood was running in streams. The doctor, the maid and two waiters had also been shot. When I entered the heir was still alive and moaned a little. Yurovsky went up and fired two or three more times at him. Then the heir was still."
References:
   Medvedev's account appears in: Wilton, Robert, The Last Days of the Romanovs (1920); Massie, Robert, The Romanovs, the Final Chapter (1996); Massie, Robert, Nicholas and Alexandra (1967).