YASH CHOPRA ,DIRECTOR BORN 1932 SEPTEMBER 27- 2012 OCTOBER 21

 

YASH CHOPRA ,DIRECTOR BORN 

1932 SEPTEMBER 27- 2012 OCTOBER 21

யஷ்ராஜ் சோப்ரா (Yash Raj Chopra, இந்தி: यश चोपड़ा, செப்டம்பர் 27,1932 - அக்டோபர் 21, 2012[1]) ஓர் புகழ்பெற்ற இந்திய திரைப்பட இயக்குநராகவும் திரைக்கதை ஆசிரியராகவும் மற்றும் திரைப்படத் தயாரிப்பாளராகவும் விளங்கியவர். பிரித்தானிய இந்தியாவில் லாகூரில் பிறந்த யஷ் சோப்ரா தனது திரை வாழ்க்கையை துணை இயக்குநராக ஐ. எசு. ஜோகரிடமும் தனது அண்ணன் பி.ஆர் சோப்ராவிடமும் துவங்கினார். பெரும்பாலும் இந்தித் திரைப்படத்துறையில் பணியாற்றி உள்ளார். 1959ஆம் ஆண்டில் இயக்குநராக அவரது முதல் திரைப்படம் தூல் கா பூல் வெளியானது. தொடர்ந்து 1961இல் சமூக நாடகமாக தர்ம்புத்திரா என்ற திரைப்படத்தை இயக்கினார். இந்தத் திரைப்படங்களின் வெற்றியைத் தொடர்ந்து ஐம்பதுகளிலும் அறுபதுகளிலும் சோப்ரா சகோதரர்கள் பல திரைப்படங்களை உருவாக்கினர். பாலிவுட்டில் ஒரே படத்தில் பல முன்னணித் திரைப்பட நடிகர்களை வைத்து படமெடுக்கும் பாணியை துவக்கி வணிக ரீதியாக வெற்றிபெற்ற வக்த் (1965) இவருக்கு பெரும் புகழைப் பெற்றுத் தந்தது.

1973ஆம் ஆண்டில் தமது சொந்த திரைப்படத் தயாரிப்பு நிறுவனமான யஷ்ராஜ் பிலிம்ஸ் நிறுவனத்தை நிறுவினார். இந்தத் திரைப்படத் தயாரிப்பு நிறுவனம் மூலமாக தாக் (1973), தீவார் (1975), கபி கபி (1976), திரிசூல் (1978), சில்சிலா (1981) போன்ற வெற்றித் திரைப்படங்களை வெளியிட்டார். இவற்றில் காதல் உணர்வை நுட்பமாக வெளிப்படுத்தியதால் இவருக்கு காதல் சோப்ரா என்ற பெயரொட்டு ஏற்பட்டது.

சோப்ராவின் திரைப்பணி ஐம்பதாண்டுகளாக ஐம்பது திரைப்படங்களுக்கும் மேலாக தொடர்ந்துள்ளது. இந்தித் திரைப்படத்துறையில் பெரும் சாதனையாளர்களில் ஒருவராக சோப்ரா கருதப்படுகிறார். ஆறு தேசிய திரைப்பட விருதுகளும் பதினோரு பிலிம்பேர் விருதுகளும் பெற்றுள்ளார். சிறந்த திரைப்பட இயக்குநராக நான்கு முறை பிலிம்பேர் விருது பெற்றுள்ளார். 2001ஆம் ஆண்டில் தாதாசாகெப் பால்கே விருதும் 2005ஆம் ஆண்டில் பத்ம பூசன் விருதும் வழங்கி இந்திய அரசு பெருமைபடுத்தி உள்ளது. சோப்ராவின் திரைப்பணிக்காக பிரித்தானிய திரைப்பட மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சி அகாதமி (BAFTA) இவருக்கு வாழ்நாள் உறுப்புரிமையை வழங்கியுள்ளது.

யஷ் சோப்ரா அக்டோபர் 13, 2012 அன்று டெங்கு காய்ச்சலுக்காக மும்பையிலுள்ள லீலாவதி மருத்துவமனையில் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்டார். சிகிட்சை பயனளிக்காது அக்டோபர் 21, 2012 அன்று உயிரிழந்தார்.[1]

No photo description available.

Zhu Yuanzhang - First Emperor of the Ming Dynasty 21 October 1328 - 24 June 1398,

Zhu Yuanzhang - 
First Emperor of the Ming Dynasty
21 October 1328 - 24 June 1398,

Deeper Aspects of Chinese Culture
Zhu Yuanzhang, also known as Emperor Hongwu (ruled 1368–1398), was the founder of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). He was born a peasant, becamea monk,then a rebel leader, and finally became the first emperor of a new dynasty.







Born: 21 October 1328, Fengyang County, Chuzhou, China

Died: 24 June 1398, Nanjing, China

Peasant
Zhu Yuanzhang grew up as a peasant. He was born in 1328. It is said that he was the youngest of seven or eight brothers. Due to poverty, several of his brothers were given away.

During the final 30 years of the Yuan era (1279–1368), there were a lot of famines and natural disasters.

In 1344, when he was 16, the Yellow River flooded his home. Then his family died of disease.

Monk
He took shelter in a Buddhist monastery that also ran out of money, and he was forced to leave and beg for food. But he returned to the monastery when he was 24, and he learned to read and write there. Then the monastery where he took refuge was destroyed by Yuan troops.

Rebel Leader
Zhu Yuanzhang first joined a local rebel group. Then they joined a larger Red Turban army that had Zoroastrian and Buddhist beliefs. Zoroastrianism was a Western religion that had spread through Central Asia before Islam spread.

He then became the leader of the large Red Turban rebel army before he was 30.

In 1356, Zhu’s army conquered Nanjing. This was an important city that was strategically located so that he could control part of the Yangtze River and the region south of it. He made Nanjing his capital.

Over the next 10 years, he defeated all the other powerful rival armies. In 1368, he attacked the Yuan empire capital of Dadu (Beijing) and gained control of it. The Yuan court fled northwards, but the Yunnan area remained under Yuan rule until 1380.

Emperor Hongwu (Ruled 1368–98)
During his 30-year reign, Zhu Yuanzhang instituted major policy initiatives. Some of his policies became permanent Ming policies, and he reversed some of his own policies when he was old.

Foreign Policy

To suppress the merchants and prevent pirate attacks, Zhu decreed a maritime embargo policy during his reign.

Policies Towards Eunuchs

He wanted to make sure that eunuchs had no ruling power because eunuchs had become involved in internal politics and were responsible for a lot of the court’s decadence.

To limit their power and ensure the centralization of authority, eunuchs were not allowed to engage in official affairs and had to be illiterate.

New Government Structure

Emperor Hongwu staffed his bureaucracy with officials who passed the Neo-Confucian imperial examinations. These officials were dependent on the court for their position so that they might prove to be more loyal. They were generally very intelligent and well educated.

Secret Policy (Personal Policy)

After Zhu Yuanzhang emerged as the rebel general, he became more and more suspicious. He set up a private guard military institution, which was known as the Embroidered Uniform Guard. It served as Zhu’s secret police to help him spy on his subjects.

Issued Paper Currency

Emperor Hongwu also issued paper currency. But he was ill grounded in economy and it is said that he handed out too much paper money during his lifetime causing inflation.

Pro-Peasant Policy

Hongwu grew up as a peasant, and maybe he championed their plight since he knew firsthand that they were often reduced to slavery and starvation by the rich and the officials.

He instituted public work projects and he tried to distribute land to the peasants. During the middle part of his reign, Hongwu made an edict that those who brought fallow land under cultivation could keep it as their property without being taxed.

By the end of his reign, cultivated land had increased substantially. The peasants prospered because they sold their produce to the growing cities. During his reign, the population increased quickly.

Anti-Merchant Policy

Emperor Hongwu grew up as a peasant and he knew only too well that peasants were often reduced to slavery and exploitation by the rich and officials.

He tried to weaken the merchant class and to force them to pay high taxes, and he even relocated a number of them. In 1371, Emperor Hongwu issued a sea ban policy.

The End of His Reign

It is said that in 1380, a thunderbolt hit his palace, and he stopped the killings and massacres for some time because he was afraid that Heaven would punish him.

He reigned for 30 years and died when he was 70. When he died, his physicians and concubines were put to death on his instructions.






10 Facts About the Ming Dynasty

Ming Dynasty Map

The Ming Empire (1368–1644) undertook colossal building projects, such as the Great Wall, was top in technology, and made epic explorations, but succumbed to huge natural disasters, internal rebellion, then invasion.

These 10 facts will help you understand the Ming Empire better.

1) The Ming Empire was founded by a poor peasant.
Mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang in NanjingYou can see the mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang in Nanjing: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum.
Zhu Yuanzhang (1328–1398) was a poor peasant who grew up during the final decades of the Yuan Dynasty era (1279–1368), when severe natural disasters killed his own family and tens of millions of other people. 

The people believed these disasters meant that the Yuan Dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven according to ancient political doctrine, and this encouraged them to attack the ruling Mongols.

Big armies formed, and Zhu Yuanzhang led a powerful army south of the Yangtze River and captured the important city of Nanjing in 1358 that he made his capital city. 

Over the next 10 years, his army defeated the armies of rivals, and he finally captured the Yuan capital of Beijing in 1368 and declared himself the Ming Emperor Hongwu.

2) Emperor Hongwu cemented the empire.
map of Ming DynastyThe map of Ming Dynasty. Ming Dynasty ruled for almost 300 years.
During Emperor Hongwu's 30-year reign from 1368–1398, he instituted major policy initiatives that made the empire successful. 

These included staffing his government with well-educated officials who passed the Imperial Examinations, supporting and protecting peasants, and distributing land to them

He built a huge standing army of a million men for defense and to conquer remaining Mongol strongholds. By the end of his rule, he had driven the Mongols out of the region and conquered Manchuria.

3) Emperor Hongwu executed an estimated 100,000.
To stifle any opposition, Emperor Hongwu made it a crime for his officials to say anything against him, and there were massacres of suspected opponents, their clans, and even of entire neighborhoods where someone spoke against him. 

He often used torture to kill and terrify people. He killed thousands of concubines. Once, he had all his thousands of concubines stabbed to death, and while he was dying in 1398, he ordered his physicians and concubines put to death.

4) Emperor Yongle commanded successfully and ordered epic construction.

Forbidden CityEmperor Yongle built the Forbidden City to be the imperial palace of the Ming Dynasty.










Emperor Yongle (1360–1424) ruled from 1402 to 1424, and during his 22 year reign, he had some amazing accomplishments. 

He was successful as a military commander and first came to power by defeating the army of the emperor who had succeeded Yuanzhang. 

Then he personally led his armies into Mongolia in victorious campaigns. He also conquered Annam (northern Vietnam).

He is best known for for building the Forbidden City to be his new palace in Beijing. 

He rebuilt the Grand Canal, the world's longest, to reach Beijing. It helped the whole eastern coast to prosper. A million laborers and craftsmen built it over 14 years. The Ming Great Wall was the strongest in history, and represents much of what we see remaining today.

5) Yongle sent forth epic world exploration missions.
Decades before Europeans sailed into the Indian Ocean, starting in 1405, Yongle sent his commander Zheng He with large fleets to explore and trade and for diplomacy.

All together, Zheng He made 7 voyages from 1405 to 1433. His larger ships may have stretched 120 meters in length, and if this is so, these may have been the largest wooden sailing ships ever built. 

Some fleets were manned by a crew of about 27,000 men each! Several voyages reached East Africa, and others primarily visited Asian countries.

6) The Ming Empire led the world in technology.

Jingdezhen porcelain The blue and white colored pieces such as these were prized around the world.











At its beginning, the Ming Empire led the world in the manufacture and use of gunpowder-based weaponry, shipbuilding, navigation, and exploration. 

They produced the best porcelain and various other products. But technological development stagnated in the last 200 years.

Li Shizhen was the Ming Empire's foremost pharmacist.
7) The Ming Empire population tripled!
The peasants prospered, and the population grew quickly, from perhaps about 60 million at the beginning to a peak of about 180 million near the end. 

New food crops such as corn and potatoes along with the canals, protection from invasion, and new infrastructure helped the peasants prosper.

Europeans began trading operations in the early 1500s, and by the late 1500s, the merchants prospered greatly. 

The fortunes of the empire became heavily reliant on trade and the government allowed free foreign trade. In the Western world and Japan, their manufactured products such as porcelain and silk were in high demand.

8) About 50 million died amid catastrophes in the last decades.
As with the fall of the Yuan and Qing Empires, catastrophic natural disasters in the last decades weakened the government and military. 

The people saw the disasters as signs that the Ming had lost the "Mandate of Heaven." This was an ancient political concept and were encouraged to rebel. 

In 1556, perhaps the deadliest earthquake in history struck Shaanxi and killed about 800,000 people. Other big earthquakes followed.

The Little Ice Age brought severe cold and severe droughts in the last decades of the empire. In the 1640s, the worst drought in five centuries struck north China. There were also epidemics and floods. Altogether, through war and natural disasters, 30% of the population or 50 million died between 1600 and 1644.

9) The Ming Dynasty was crippled by corruption, misrule and a monetary crisis.

Starting from the 1590s, court eunuchs grew in political power. Engaged in decadence and intrigue, good policies weren't implemented to address the mounting disasters, economic crises, and attacks by the Japanese and Manchus.

Due to war in Europe and decisions of the emperors of Spain and Japan to stem the flow of silver to the Ming, trade plummeted and the price of silver, the main currency for taxation, rose dramatically.

 The people couldn't afford to pay their taxes. There was a monetary crisis. The government couldn't help the suffering population, pay their troops, or stop the rebellions.

10) The empire fell mainly by the rebellion of peasants and troops.
Shanhaiguan PassThe Great Wall's Shanhai Pass protected Beijing for centuries until a Ming general let the Manchus through.

Many peasants were starving and unable to pay their taxes, and they lost their fear of the Ming court. 

They began to form large rebel bands. Many Ming troops were not paid, and they joined and led these new armies. A peasant soldier named Li Zicheng (1606–1645) mutinied with his fellow soldiers, and then his army was let into Beijing through an open gate.


But the rebel troops didn't enjoy this victory. A Ming general switched sides, allowed the Manchus to enter through the Shanhai Pass of the Great Wall, and then the Manchu and Ming armies captured Beijing, which was the start of the Qing Empire in 1644.

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YASHRAJ CHOPRA, DIRECTOR OF HINDI CINEMA DIED 2012 OCTOBER 21

YASHRAJ CHOPRA,

DIRECTOR OF HINDI CINEMA  

DIED 2012 OCTOBER 21

யஷ்ராஜ் சோப்ரா (Yash Raj Chopra, இந்தி: यश चोपड़ा, செப்டம்பர் 27,1932 - அக்டோபர் 21, 2012[1]) ஓர் புகழ்பெற்ற இந்திய திரைப்பட இயக்குநராகவும் திரைக்கதை ஆசிரியராகவும் மற்றும் திரைப்படத் தயாரிப்பாளராகவும் விளங்கியவர். பிரித்தானிய இந்தியாவில் லாகூரில் பிறந்த யஷ் சோப்ரா தனது திரை வாழ்க்கையை துணை இயக்குநராக ஐ. எசு. ஜோகரிடமும் தனது அண்ணன் பி.ஆர் சோப்ராவிடமும் துவங்கினார். பெரும்பாலும் இந்தித் திரைப்படத்துறையில் பணியாற்றி உள்ளார். 1959ஆம் ஆண்டில் இயக்குநராக அவரது முதல் திரைப்படம் தூல் கா பூல் வெளியானது. தொடர்ந்து 1961இல் சமூக நாடகமாக தர்ம்புத்திரா என்ற திரைப்படத்தை இயக்கினார். இந்தத் திரைப்படங்களின் வெற்றியைத் தொடர்ந்து ஐம்பதுகளிலும் அறுபதுகளிலும் சோப்ரா சகோதரர்கள் பல திரைப்படங்களை உருவாக்கினர். பாலிவுட்டில் ஒரே படத்தில் பல முன்னணித் திரைப்பட நடிகர்களை வைத்து படமெடுக்கும் பாணியை துவக்கி வணிக ரீதியாக வெற்றிபெற்ற வக்த் (1965) இவருக்கு பெரும் புகழைப் பெற்றுத் தந்தது.

1973ஆம் ஆண்டில் தமது சொந்த திரைப்படத் தயாரிப்பு நிறுவனமான யஷ்ராஜ் பிலிம்ஸ் நிறுவனத்தை நிறுவினார். இந்தத் திரைப்படத் தயாரிப்பு நிறுவனம் மூலமாக தாக் (1973), தீவார் (1975), கபி கபி (1976), திரிசூல் (1978), சில்சிலா (1981) போன்ற வெற்றித் திரைப்படங்களை வெளியிட்டார். இவற்றில் காதல் உணர்வை நுட்பமாக வெளிப்படுத்தியதால் இவருக்கு காதல் சோப்ரா என்ற பெயரொட்டு ஏற்பட்டது.

சோப்ராவின் திரைப்பணி ஐம்பதாண்டுகளாக ஐம்பது திரைப்படங்களுக்கும் மேலாக தொடர்ந்துள்ளது. இந்தித் திரைப்படத்துறையில் பெரும் சாதனையாளர்களில் ஒருவராக சோப்ரா கருதப்படுகிறார். ஆறு தேசிய திரைப்பட விருதுகளும் பதினோரு பிலிம்பேர் விருதுகளும் பெற்றுள்ளார். சிறந்த திரைப்பட இயக்குநராக நான்கு முறை பிலிம்பேர் விருது பெற்றுள்ளார். 2001ஆம் ஆண்டில் தாதாசாகெப் பால்கே விருதும் 2005ஆம் ஆண்டில் பத்ம பூசன் விருதும் வழங்கி இந்திய அரசு பெருமைபடுத்தி உள்ளது. சோப்ராவின் திரைப்பணிக்காக பிரித்தானிய திரைப்பட மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சி அகாதமி (BAFTA) இவருக்கு வாழ்நாள் உறுப்புரிமையை வழங்கியுள்ளது.

யஷ் சோப்ரா அக்டோபர் 13, 2012 அன்று டெங்கு காய்ச்சலுக்காக மும்பையிலுள்ள லீலாவதி மருத்துவமனையில் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்டார். சிகிட்சை பயனளிக்காது அக்டோபர் 21, 2012 அன்று உயிரிழந்தார்.[1]

SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE - NETAJI DECLARED FREE INDIA- MINISTRY OF PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT FORMED 1943 OCTOBER 21

SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE - NETAJI 

DECLARED  FREE INDIA- 

MINISTRY OF PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

 FORMED 1943 OCTOBER 21

Subhas declared: "It will be the task of the Provisional Government to launch and conduct the struggle that will bring about the expulsion of the British and their allies from the soil of India."[15]

Light green: Territory claimed. Dark green: Territory controlled (with Japanese assistance).
Capital		Port Blair (provisional)
Capital-in-exile		Rangoon Singapore
Languages		Hindustani
Government		Provisional government
Head of State
•	1943–1945	Subhas Chandra Bose
Prime Minister
•	1943–1945	Subhas Chandra Bose
Historical era		World War II
•	Established	21 October 1943
•	Disestablished	18 August 1945

Ārzī Hukūmat-e-Āzād Hind (Hindi: आर्ज़ी हुक़ूमत-ए-आज़ाद हिन्द; Urdu: عارضی حکومت‌ِ آزاد ہند‎;), the Provisional Government of Free India, or, more simply, Free India[1][2] (Azad Hind), was an Indian provisional government established in occupied Singapore in 1943 and supported by Japan and by Nazi Germany.

Provisional Government of Free India

आर्ज़ी हुक़ूमत-ए-आज़ाद हिन्द عارضی حکومت‌ِ آزاد ہند Ārzī Hukūmat-e-Āzād Hind

Provisional government supported by Imperial Japan

1943–1945

Flag Insignia

Anthem Subh Sukh Chain

It was a part of a political movement originating in the 1940s outside of India with the purpose of allying with Axis powers to free India from British Rule. It was established by Indian nationalists-in-exile during the latter part of the Second World War in Singapore with monetary, military and political assistance from Imperial Japan.[3] Founded on 21 October 1943, the government was inspired by the concepts of Subhas Chandra Bose who was also the leader of the government and the Head of State of this Provisional Indian Government-in-exile.

 The government proclaimed authority over Indian civilian and military personnel in Southeast Asian British colonial territory and prospective authority over Indian territory to fall to the Japanese forces and the Indian National Army during the Japanese thrust towards India during the Second World War.[4] The government of Azad Hind had its own currency, court and civil code, and in the eyes of some Indians its existence gave a greater legitimacy to the independence struggle against the British.[5][6][7]

Free India (Azad Hind) and Burma

However, while it possessed all the nominal requisites of a legitimate government, it lacked large and definite areas of sovereign territory until Japan gave it nominal authority of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1943 and the occupation of parts of Manipur and Nagaland. Japanese officials made all the decisions, and throughout its existence it was entirely dependent on Japanese support.[8]

Immediately after the formation of the government-in-exile, Azad Hind declared war against the Anglo-American allied forces on the Indo-Burma Front.[9] Its army, the "Azad Hind Fauj", (Indian National Army or the INA) went into action against the British Indian Army and the allied forces as part of the Imperial Japanese Army in the Imphal-Kohima sector. 

The INA had its first major engagement at the Battle of Imphal where, under the command of the Japanese Fifteenth Army, it breached the British defences in Kohima, reaching the salient of Moirang before suffering a catastrophic defeat as the Allied forces held, and Allied air dominance and compromised supply lines forced both the Japanese and the INA to retreat.[10]

Bose with Gandhi in 1938

The existence of Azad Hind was essentially coterminous with the existence of the Indian National Army. While the government itself continued until the civil administration of the Andaman Islands was returned to the jurisdiction of the British towards the end of the war, the limited power of Azad Hind was effectively ended with the surrender of the last major contingent of INA troops in Rangoon. The death of Bose is seen as the end of the entire Azad Hind Movement.

Some historians contend that the Azad Hind was a free and independent government.[11]

The legacy of Azad Hind is, however, open to judgment. After the war, the Raj observed with alarm the transformation of the perception of Azad Hind from traitors and collaborators to "the greatest among the patriots".[12][13] Given the tide of militant nationalism that swept through India and the resentment and revolts it inspired, it is arguable that its overarching aim, to foster public resentment and revolts within the Indian forces of the British Indian Army to overthrow the Raj, was ultimately successful

Establishment[edit]

National celebration at the founding of the Provisional National Indian government at the Free India Center, Berlin, with Secretary of State Wilhelm Keppler speaking, on 16 November 1943

National celebration at the founding of the Provisional National Indian 

government at the Free India Center, Berlin, with Secretary of State 

Wilhelm Keppler speaking, on 16 November 1943

The direct origins of Azad Hind can be linked to two conferences of Indian expatriates from across Southeast Asia, the first of which was held in Tokyo in March 1942. At this conference, convened by Rash Behari Bose, an Indian expatriate living in Japan, the Indian Independence League was established as the first move towards an independent Indian state politically aligned with the Empire of Japan. 

Rash also moved to create a sort of independence army that would assist in driving the British from India – this force would later become the Indian National Army. The second conference, held later that year in Bangkok, invited Subhas Chandra Bose to participate in the leadership of the League. Bose was living in Germany at the time and made the trip to Japan via submarine.

Rash Behari Bose, who was already ageing by the time the League was founded, struggled to keep the League organised and failed to secure resources for the establishment of the Indian National Army. He was replaced as president of the Indian Independence League by Subhas Chandra Bose; there is some controversy as to whether he stepped down of his own volition or by pressure from the Japanese who needed a more energetic and focused presence leading the Indian nationalists.[citation needed]

Bose arrived in Tokyo on 13 June 1943, and declared his intent to make an assault against the eastern provinces of India in an attempt to oust the British from control of the subcontinent. Bose arrived in Singapore on 2 July, and in October 1943 formally announced the establishment of the Provisional Government of Free India. In defining the tasks of this new political establishment, 

Greater East Asia Conference in November 1943, 

participants left to right: Ba Maw, Zhang Jinghui, Wang Jingwei, Hideki Tojo,

Wan Waithayakon, José P. Laurel, Subhas Chandra Bose

Subhas declared: "It will be the task of the Provisional Government to launch and conduct the struggle that will bring about the expulsion of the British and their allies from the soil of India."[15]

 Bose, taking formal command of the demoralised and undermanned Indian National Army from Rash Bose, turned it into a professional army with the help of the Japanese. He recruited Indian civilians living in Japanese-occupied territories of South-east Asia, and incorporated vast numbers of Indian POWs from British forces in Singapore, Malaya and Hong Kong to man the brigades of the INA.

Ministers[edit]

The Provisional Government of Free India consisted of a Cabinet headed by Subhas Chandra Bose as the Head of the State, The Prime Minister and the Minister for War and Foreign Affairs.

Unreleased postage stamps of the Azad Hind Government.

Captain Doctor Lakshmi Swaminathan (later married as Lakshmi Sehgal) was the Minister in Charge of Women's Organization. She held this position over and above her command of the Rani Jhansi Regiment, a brigade of women soldiers fighting for the Indian National Army. For a regular Asian army, this women's regiment was quite visionary; it was the first of its kind established on the continent. Dr. Lakshmi was one of the most popular and prosperous gynaecologists in Singapore before she gave up her practice to lead the troops of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment.

Other public administration ministers of the Provisional Government of Free India included:

Mr. S. A. Ayer - the Minister of Broadcasting and Publicity

Recognition[edit]

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Azad Hind was recognised as a legitimate state by only a small number of countries limited solely to Axis powers and their puppet states. Azad Hind had diplomatic relations with nine countries: Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, 

Fascist Italy, the German and Italian controlled Independent State of Croatia and the Japanese controlled states of Wang Jingwei's Government in Nanjing, occupied Thailand, the State of Burma, Manchukuo and the Second Philippine Republic. On the declaration of its formation in occupied Singapore the Taoiseach of Ireland, Éamon de Valera, sent a note of congratulations to Bose. Vichy France, however, although being an Axis collaborator, never gave formal political recognition to Azad Hind. This government participated as an observer in the Greater East Asia Conference in November 1943.

The defeat of the INA and the collapse of the Provisional Government[edit]
Left to defend[citation needed] Rangoon from the British advance without support from the Japanese, the INA was soundly defeated. Bose was suggested to leave Burma to continue his struggle for Indian independence and returned to Singapore before the fall of Rangoon; the government Azad Hind had established on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands collapsed when the island garrisons of Japanese and Indian troops were defeated by British troops and the islands themselves retaken. Allegedly Bose himself was killed in a plane crash departing from Taiwan attempting to escape to Russia. The Provisional Government of Free India ceased to exist with the deaths of the Axis, the INA, and Bose in 1945.

The troops who manned the brigades of the Indian National Army were taken as prisoners of war by the British. A number of these prisoners were brought to India and tried by British courts for treason, including a number of high-ranking officers such as Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon. The defence of these individuals from prosecution by the British became a central point of contention between the British Raj and the Indian Independence Movement in the post-war years.








Lt. Col. A. C. Chatterji - the Minister of Finance
The Indian National Army was represented by Armed Forces ministers, including:

Lt. Col. Aziz Ahmed [16][17]
Lt. Col. N. S. Bhagat
Lt. Col. J. K. Bhonsle
Lt. Colonel Guizara Singh
Lt. Col. M.Z. Kiani
Lt. Col. A. D. Loganathan
Lt. Col. Ehsan Qadir
Lt. Col. Shahnawaz Khan
The Provisional Government was also constituted and administered by a number of Secretaries and Advisors to Subhas Chandra Bose, including:

A.N. Sahay - Secretary
Karim Ghani
Debnath Das
D.M. Khan
A. Yellapa
J. Thivy
Sirdar Isher Singh
A. N. Sarkar - the government's official Legal Advisor
All of these Secretaries and Advisory officials held Ministerial rank in the Provisional Government. The extent of the Provisional Government's day-to-day management of affairs for Azad Hind is not entirely well-documented, so their specific functions as government officials for the state outside of their positions as support ministers for Subhas Chandra Bose is not entirely certain.