CHARLES II EXECUTED THE PERSONS SIGNED THE DEATH WARRANT OF CHARLES I CROMWELL SKELETON WAS HANGED ON OCTOBER 17,1660

CHARLES  II  EXECUTED THE PERSONS 

SIGNED THE DEATH WARRANT OF CHARLES I

CROMWELL SKELETON  WAS HANGED 

ON  OCTOBER 17,1660

Following the trial of Charles I in January 1649, 59 commissioners (judges) signed his death warrant. They, along with the several key associates and numerous court officials, were the subject of punishment following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 with the coronation of Charles II. Charles I's trial and execution had followed the second English Civil War in which his supporters, Royalist "Cavaliers", were opposed by the Parliamentarian "Roundheads", led by Oliver Cromwell.

With the return of Charles II, Parliament passed the Indemnity and Oblivion Act (1660), which granted amnesty to those guilty of most crimes committed during the Civil War and the Interregnum. Of those who had been involved in the trial and execution, 104 were specifically excluded from reprieve, although 24 had already died, including Cromwell, John Bradshaw (the judge who was president of the court) and Henry Ireton (a general in the Parliamentary army and Cromwell's son-in-law)

. They were given a posthumous execution: their remains were exhumed, and they were hanged, beheaded and bodies cast into a pit below the gallows. Their heads were placed on spikes at the end of Westminster Hall. Several others were hanged, drawn and quartered, while 19 were imprisoned for life. Property was confiscated from many, and most were barred from holding public office or title again. Twenty-one of those under threat fled England, mostly settling in the Netherlands or Switzerland, although three settled in New England.

There is no agreed definition of who is included in the list of regicides. The Indemnity and Oblivion Act did not use the term either as a definition of the act, or as a label for those involved. "Regicide" has never been specific crime in English law, and has never been defined in law. Historians have identified different groups of people as being suitable for the name, and some do not include the associates who also faced trial and punishment.

The list has been cited as an early blacklist:[1] the state papers of Charles II [1681] state "If any innocent soul be found in this black list, let him not be offended at me, but consider whether some mistaken principle or interest may not have misled him to vote".[2

Civil war, the execution of Charles I, the Interregnum and the Restoration[edit source]
The English Civil War took place between 1642 and 1651. It was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads", led by Oliver Cromwell) and Royalists ("Cavaliers", led by Charles I) over, principally, political power and authority. There were three main phases to the war, the first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) wars pitted the supporters of Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of Charles's son—Charles II—and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.[3]

At the end of the first war Charles I was being held by the Scottish Presbyterian army, who handed him over to the parliamentary forces.[4] In January 1649 a trial was arranged, comprising 135 commissioners. Some were informed beforehand of their summons, and refused to participate, but most were named without their consent being sought. Forty-seven of those named did not appear either in the preliminary closed sessions or the subsequent public trial.[5] At the end of the four-day trial, 57 of the commissioners present signed the death warrant; two further commissioners added their names subsequently. The following day, 30 January, Charles I was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall;[5][6] Charles II went into exile.[5] The English monarchy was replaced with, at first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–53) and then the Protectorate (1653–59) under Cromwell's personal rule.[7][8]

Charles II wearing a crown and ermine-lined cape
Charles II was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661, following the Restoration of the monarchy.
Following the death of Cromwell in 1658 a power struggle ensued. General George Monck—who had fought for the king until his capture, but had joined Cromwell during the Interregnum—brought an army down from his base in Scotland and restored order; he arranged for elections to be held in early 1660. He began discussions with Charles II who made the Declaration of Breda—on Monck's advice—which offered reconciliation, forgiveness and moderation in religious and political matters. Parliament sent an invitation to Charles to return, accepting the Restoration of the monarchy as the English political form.[9] Charles arrived in Dover on 25 May 1660 and reached London on 29 May, his 30th birthday.[10]

Treatment of the regicides[edit source]
In 1660 Parliament passed the Indemnity and Oblivion Act[b] which granted amnesty to many of those who had supported the Parliament during the Civil War and the Interregnum, although 104 people were specifically excluded; of these 49 named individuals and the two unknown executioners were to face a capital charge.[5][11] Charles would probably have been content with a smaller number to be punished, but Parliament took a stronger line, according to Howard Nenner, writing for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.[5]

A gallows is in the centre of the image, to its left a large bonfire; a crowd watch.
The execution of the bodies of Cromwell, Bradshaw and Ireton, from a contemporary print

Of those who were listed to receive punishment, 24 had already died, including Cromwell, John Bradshaw (the judge who was president of the court) and Henry Ireton.[5] They were given a posthumous execution: their remains were exhumed, and they were hanged, beheaded and their remains were cast into a pit below the gallows. Their heads were placed on spikes above Westminster Hall the building where the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I had sat.[12] In 1660 six of the commissioners and four others were found guilty of regicide and executed; one was hanged and nine were hanged, drawn and quartered. On Monday 15 October 1660, Pepys records in his diary that "this morning Mr Carew was hanged and quartered at Charing Cross; but his quarters, by a great favour, are not to be hanged up." Five days later he writes,

 "I saw the limbs of some of our new traitors set upon Aldersgate, which was a sad sight to see; and a bloody week this and the last have been, there being ten hanged, drawn, and quartered".[13] In 1662 three more regicides were hanged, drawn and quartered. Some others were pardoned, while a further nineteen served life imprisonment.[14] Most had their property confiscated and many were banned from holding office or title again in the future. Twenty-one of those under threat fled Britain, mostly settling in the Netherlands or Switzerland, although some were captured and returned to England, or murdered by royalist sympathisers. Three of the regicides, John Dixwell, Edward Whalley and William Goffe, fled to the Dominion of New England, where they avoided capture, despite a search.[5][c]

Nenner records that there is no agreed definition of who is included in the list of regicides. The Indemnity and Oblivion Act did not use the term either as a definition of the act, or as a label for those involved,[d] and historians have identified different groups of people as being suitable for the name.[5]

Shortly after the Restoration in Scotland the Scottish Parliament passed an Act of Indemnity and Oblivion. It was similar to the English Indemnity and Oblivion Act, but there were many more exceptions under the Scottish act than there were under the English act. Most of the Scottish exceptions were pecuniary, and only four men were executed (all for treason but none for regicide), of whom the Marquess of Argyll was the most prominent. He was found to be guilty of collaboration with Cromwell's government, and beheaded on 27 May 1661.[15][16]

இரண்டாம் சார்லஸ் 1660 இல் இங்கிலாந்து அரியணை ஏறினார் .தன் தகப்பனுக்கு மரண தண்டனை விதித்த மரண சாசனத்தில் கையொப்பம் இட்ட 59 நபர்களில் இறந்தவர்கள் போக அனைவருக்கும் தூக்கு தண்டனையும் ஆயுள் தண்டனையும் அளித்தார் .அவர்கள் சொத்துக்கள் சூறையாடப்பட்டன .ஆலிவர் கிராம்வெல் சமாதி யை தோண்டி பிணத்தை தூக்கில் போட்டனர் .பிணத்தின் தலையை துண்டித்து நட்டு வைத்தார் இந்த சூரப்புலி இரண்டாம் சார்லஸ் .OCTOBER 17,1660

Commissioners whose signatures appeared on the death warrant

Order [17][18]	Name	At the Restoration	Notes	Ref.
1	John Bradshaw, President of the Court	Dead	Posthumous execution: disinterred, hanged at Tyburn and beheaded. His body was thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall, facing the direction of the spot where Charles I had been executed.	[19][12]
2	Lord Grey of Groby	Dead	Died in 1657	[20]
3	Oliver Cromwell	Dead	Posthumous execution: disinterred, hanged at Tyburn and beheaded. His body was thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall, facing the direction of the spot where Charles I had been executed.	[12]
4	Edward Whalley	Alive	Fled to the Dominion of New England with a co-commissioner, his son-in-law William Goffe, to avoid trial. He was alive but in poor health in 1674, where he was sought by the agents of Charles II but shielded by the sympathetic colonists. He probably died in 1675.	[21][22][23]
5	Sir Michael Livesey	Alive	Fled to the Netherlands. In June 1665 he was known to be at Rotterdam, and probably died there shortly afterwards.	[24]
6	John Okey	Alive	Fled to Germany, but was arrested by the English Ambassador to the Netherlands, Sir George Downing. He was tried, found guilty and hanged, drawn and quartered in April 1662.	[25][26]
7	Sir John Danvers	Dead	Died in 1655	[27]
8	Sir John Bourchier	Alive	Too ill to be tried and died in 1660	[28][29]
9	Henry Ireton	Dead	Posthumous execution: disinterred, hanged at Tyburn and beheaded. His body was thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall, facing the direction of the spot where Charles I had been executed.	[12][30]
10	Sir Thomas Mauleverer	Dead	Died 1655, but was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act	[31]
11	Sir Hardress Waller	Alive	Fled to France; later returned and was found guilty. Sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Died 1666 in prison on Jersey.	[32]
12	John Blakiston	Dead	Died 1649	[33]
13	John Hutchinson	Alive	Pardoned in 1660, but was implicated in the 1663 Farnley Wood Plot; he was imprisoned in Sandown Castle, Kent where he died on 11 September 1664.	[34]
14	William Goffe	Alive	Fled to the Dominion of New England with a co-commissioner, his father-in-law Edward Whalley, and died in 1679	[35]
15	Thomas Pride	Dead	Posthumous execution alongside Cromwell, Ireton and Bradshaw was ordered but not carried out	[36]
16	Peter Temple	Alive	Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He died in the Tower of London in 1663	[37]
17	Thomas Harrison	Alive	First to be found guilty. Was hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 13 October 1660. He was a leader of the Fifth Monarchists who still posed a threat to the restoration.	[38]
18	John Hewson	Alive	Fled to Amsterdam, then possibly Rouen. He died in one of those cities in either 1662 or 1663.	[39]
19	Henry Smith	Alive	Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was held in the Tower of London until 1664 and was transported to Mont Orgueil castle in Jersey. Died 1668.	[37]
20	Sir Peregrine Pelham	Dead	Died in 1650.	[40]
21	Richard Deane	Dead	Died in 1653. Disinterred and buried in a communal pit.	[41]
22	Sir Robert Tichborne	Alive	Brought to trial, sentenced to death but was reprieved. He spent the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London. Died 1682.	[42]
23	Humphrey Edwards	Dead	Died in 1658	[43]
24	Daniel Blagrave	Alive	Fled to Aachen—now in Germany—where he probably died in 1668	[44]
25	Owen Rowe	Alive	Brought to trial, sentenced to death, but died in the Tower of London in December 1661 while awaiting execution.	[45]
26	William Purefoy	Dead	Died in 1659	[46]
27	Adrian Scrope	Alive	Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660	[47]
28	James Temple	Alive	Brought to trial, sentenced to life imprisonment on Jersey; he is reported to have died there on 17 February 1680.[48]	[49]
29	Augustine Garland	Alive	Brought to trial, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He died in or after 1677.	[50]
30	Edmund Ludlow	Alive	Surrendered to the Speaker of the House of Commons, and then escaped to the Canton of Bern. Died 1692.	[51]
31	Henry Marten	Alive	Tried and found guilty. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and died in Chepstow Castlein 1680.	[52]
32	Vincent Potter	Alive	Brought to trial, he received the death sentence but it was not carried out; he died in the Tower of London, probably in 1661.	[53]
33	Sir William Constable, 1st Baronet	Dead	Died in 1655. His body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and reburied in a communal burial pit.	[54]
34	Sir Richard Ingoldsby	Alive	Pardoned. Died 1685.	[55]
35	William Cawley	Alive	Escaped to Switzerland, where he died in 1667	[56]
36	John Barkstead	Alive	Arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands, Sir George Downing, extradited and executed in 1662	[57]
37	Isaac Ewer	Dead	Died in 1650 or 1651	[58]
38	John Dixwell	Alive	Believed dead in England, he fled to the Dominion of New England, where he died in 1689 under an assumed name.	[59]
39	Valentine Walton	Alive	Escaped to Germany after being condemned as a regicide. Died 1661.	[60]
40	Simon Mayne	Alive	Tried and sentenced to death, he died in the Tower of London in 1661 before his appeal could be heard.	[61]
41	Thomas Horton	Dead	Died of dysentery in 1649 while serving with Cromwell in the conquest of Ireland	[62]
42	John Jones Maesygarnedd	Alive	Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660	[63]
43	John Moore	Dead	In 1649 Moore fought in Ireland against the Marquess of Ormonde and became Governor of Dublin, dying of a fever there in 1650.	[64]
44	Gilbert Millington	Alive	Tried and sentenced to death, but sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Millington spent his final years in Jersey and died in 1666.	[65]
45	George Fleetwood	Alive	Brought to trial and sentenced to imprisonment in the Tower of London. He may have been transported to Tangier. Died c. 1672.	[66]
46	John Alured	Dead	Died in 1651	[67]
47	Robert Lilburne	Alive	Tried in October 1660 and sentenced to death, although this was later commuted to life imprisonment. Died in prison in August 1665.	[68]
48	William Say	Alive	Escaped to Switzerland. Died 1666.	[69]
49	Anthony Stapley	Dead	Died in 1655	[70]
50	Sir Gregory Norton, 1st Baronet	Dead	Died 1652	[71]
51	Thomas Chaloner	Alive	Excluded from pardon and escaped to the Continent. In 1661, he died at Middelburg in the Netherlands.	[72]
52	Thomas Wogan	Alive	Held at York Castle until 1664 when he escaped to the Netherlands	[73]
53	John Venn	Dead	Died in 1650	[74]
54	Gregory Clement	Alive	Went into hiding, he was captured, tried and found guilty. He was hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660.	[75]
55	John Downes	Alive	Tried, found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. Died 1666.	[76]
56	Thomas Waite	Alive	Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Died 1688 Jersey	[77]
57	Thomas Scot	Alive	Fled to Brussels, returned to England, was tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660. Died unrepentant.	[78]
58	John Carew	Alive	Joined Fifth Monarchists. Tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on 15 October 1660.	[79]
59	Miles Corbet	Alive	Fled to the Netherlands; arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing; extradited; tried; found guilty; and was hanged, drawn and quartered on 19 April 1662.