The Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) INTRODUCED JADE ART

 

The Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) INTRODUCED  JADE ART

The Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) was a Mongol-led dynasty that ruled over China, marking the first time all of China was under foreign rule. Founded by Kublai Khan, it was a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. The Yuan dynasty ended with the Ming dynasty's rise in 1368. Here's a more detailed look:

Founding and Rule:

Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, defeated the Chinese Southern Song dynasty in 1279, establishing the Yuan dynasty. He moved the capital to Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). 

Mongol Administration:

While adopting some Chinese administrative practices, the Yuan dynasty largely maintained a distinct Mongol identity and administration. This included favoring Mongol elites and excluding many Chinese scholars from high-level positions. 

Key Policies:

Kublai Khan implemented policies aimed at stimulating agriculture and improving communication within the empire. He also fostered trade, welcoming foreigners from various parts of the world. 

Cultural Developments:

The Yuan dynasty saw significant cultural exchange and development, particularly in the arts. Yuan drama (Yuanqu) and vernacular fiction gained popularity. 

Fall of the Dynasty:

The Yuan dynasty faced internal challenges, including factionalism, economic instability, and rebellions. Ultimately, the Red Turban Rebellion, led by Zhu Yuanzhang, contributed to the dynasty's downfall, leading to the establishment of the Ming dynasty. 

The Yuan dynasty (/jɜːn/ YEN; Chinese: 元朝; pinyin: Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan[10] (大元; Dà Yuán; Mongolian: ᠶᠡᠬᠡ

ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ

ᠤᠯᠤᠰ, Yeke Yuwan Ulus, literally 'Great Yuan State'),[note 4] was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division.[note 2] It was established by Kublai (Emperor Shizu or Setsen Khan), the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from the Borjigin clan, and lasted from 1271 to 1368. In Chinese history, the Yuan dynasty followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty.

Although Genghis Khan's enthronement as Khagan in 1206 was described in Chinese as the Han-style title of Emperor[note 3][6] and the Mongol Empire had ruled territories including modern-day northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Han style,[13] and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol-led khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern-day Mongolia.[14] It was the first dynasty founded by a non-Han ethnicity that ruled all of China proper.[15]: 312 [16] In 1368, following the defeat of the Yuan forces by the Ming dynasty, the Genghisid rulers retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and continued to rule until 1635 when they surrendered to the Later Jin dynasty (which later evolved into the Qing dynasty). The rump state is known in historiography as the Northern Yuan.