THE MAMLUK DYNASTY 1206-1290

The Mamluk Dynasty (sometimes referred as Slave Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty) (Persian: سلطنت مملوک‎), (Urdu: غلام خاندان‎) was directed into Northern India by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, a Turkic Mamluk slave general from Central Asia. The Mamluk Dynasty ruled from 1206 to 1290;

In 1206, Muhammad of Ghor, Sultan of the Ghurid Empire was assassinated.[8] Since he had no children, his empire split into minor sultanates led by his former mamluk generals. Taj-ud-Din Yildoz became the ruler of Ghazni. Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji got Bengal. Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha became the sultan of Multan. Qutb ud-Din Aibak became the sultan of Delhi, and that was the beginning of the Slave dynasty.

Aibak rose to power when a Ghorid superior was assassinated.[9] However, his reign as the Sultan of Delhi was short lived as he died in 1210 and his son Aram Shah rose to the throne, only to be assassinated by Iltutmish in 1211.. The Sultanate under Iltutmish established cordial diplomatic contact with the Abbasid Caliphate between 1228–29 and had managed to keep India unaffected by the invasions of Genghis Khan and his successors.[6] Following the death of Iltutmish in 1236 a series of weak rulers remained in power and a number of the noblemen gained autonomy over the provinces of the Sultanate. Power shifted hands from Rukn ud din Firuz to Razia Sultana until Ghiyas ud din Balban rose to the throne and successfully repelled both external threats to the Sultanate Sultans

The Qutb Minar, an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works.

Qutb ud-Din Aibak (قطب الدین ایبک‬),1206 to 1210

 Making Lahore his capital, he consolidated his control over North India through an administrative hold over Delhi. He also initiated the construction of Delhi's earliest Muslim monuments, the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and the Qutb Minar. In 1210, he died due to injuries received from an accident while playing a game of polo in Lahore; buried near the Anarkali Bazaar in Lahore.
Aram Shah (آرام شاہ‬), 1210 to 1211
 then Governor of Badaun, to replace Aram. Iltutmish defeated Aram in the plain of Jud near Delhi in 1211. .
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish 1211 to 1236

 He shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi and trebled the exchequer. He defeated Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha of Multan and Tajuddin Yildoz of Ghazni,  Mongols invaded India  by Genghis Khan in 1221. After Genghis Khan's death, Iltutmish consolidated his hold on northern India by retaking many of the lost territories. In 1230, he built the Hauz-i-Shamsi reservoir in Mehrauli, and in 1231 he built Sultan Ghari, which was the first Islamic mausoleum in Delhi.

Rukn-ud-din Feroze (رکن الدین فیروز‬),1236

 He ruled for only seven months and his mother, Shah Turkan, for all practical purposes was running the government.  pleasure and debauchery, to the considerable outrage of the citizenry.  both Rukn-ud-din Feroze and his mother Shah Turkan were assassinated by the Chihalgani On 9 November 1236

Jalâlat-ud-dîn Raziyâ Sultana (جلالۃ الدین رضیہ سلطانہ ‬) 1236 to 1240

 the first female Muslim ruler in Inda, she initial managed to impress the nobles and administratively handled the Sultanate well. However, she began associating with the African Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut, provoking racial antagonism  the rule of a female monarch. She was defeated by the powerful nobleman Malik Altunia whom she agreed to marry. Her half-brother Muiz-ud-din Bahram, however, usurped the throne The couple fled and reached Kaithal, where their remaining forces abandoned them. They both fell into the hands of Jats and were robbed and killed on 14 October 1240.

 Muiz-ud-din Bahram (معز الدین بہرام‬),1240 to 15 May 1242

It was during this period of unrest that the Mongols invaded the Punjab and sacked Lahore. Muiz-ud-din Bahram was too weak to take any action against them,and the Chihalgani besiged him in the White Fort of Delhi and put him to death in 1242..

Ala-ud-din Masud (علاءالدین مسعود‬), 1242 to 1246

a puppet for the Chihalgani and did not actually have much power or influence in the government. he became infamous for his fondness of entertainment and wine. By 1246, the chiefs had become upset with Ala-ud-din Masud's increasing hunger for more power and replaced him with his cousin Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, who was another grandson of Iltutmish.

Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (نصیر الدین محمود ‬),1246 to 1266

 As a ruler, Mahmud was known to be very religious, spending most of his time in prayer and was renowned for aiding the poor and the distressed. It was his Deputy Sultan, Ghiyath-ud-din Balban, who primarily dealt with state affairs.

Ghiyath-ud-din Balban (غیاث الدین بلبن‬), 1266 to 1287

  Balban ruled with an iron fist and broke up the Chihalgani group of noblemen. He tried to establish peace and order in India and built many outpostsr. Balban wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to the crown, so he established an efficient espionage system.





Muiz-ud-din Muhammad Qaiqabad 1287 to 1290

 Being still young at the time, he ignored all state affairs. After four years, he suffered a paralytic stroke and was later murdered in 1290 by a Khalji chief.