SIND ARABS,THE RISE OF ISLAM IN 712-1026

SIND ARABS,THE RISE OF ISLAM IN 712-1026

The rise of Islam in India began with the conquest of Sind, one of the provinces of the present day Pakistan.hey, by spreading Islam, attained their political and religious unity in India. The conquest of Sind was successful after a number of attempts. It was under the leadership of Mohammad-bin-Qasim, that Sind, was an Umayyad general who conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions at a very young age of 17.which is "The Gateway of Islam"in third attempt.After the death of Prophet Muhammad, the Arabs conquered Persia and Herat and formed a large empire. After these conquests, their attention was towards India. During that time, there were commercial trade connections between India and Arabia and the merchants of Arabs were familiar with the sea coast to the west of India.

The immediate cause of India's invasion was when some Sindi pirates plundered some Arab ships near the coast of Debal. Studies show that the king of Ceylone had sent precious gifts to Khalifa of Baghdad and to Hajaj, the Governor of Iraq on these ships. As a result, Hajaj wanted compensation from King Dahir of Sind, which he refused outrightly, as he had no control over the pirates

Thus, started the first military expedition against king Dahir, under Ubaidullah, which failed. The second invasion also failed and this time it was under Budail. In the third attempt, Hajaj entrusted the responsibility to his son-in-law Muhammad-bin-Qasim, with a powerful army to attack Dahir. 

He arrived at the coast in 712 A.D. and was successful in defeating and killing Dahir and thus, Debal was occupied. After Dahir's death, his wife Queen Rani Bai fought against the Arabs. She was also defeated and she performed the rites of Jauhar to save her honour.

Arabs had failed in their first two attempts to conquer Sind and the other Indian territories, in the third attempt, King Dahir could not restrain the powerful army of Mohammand-bin-Qasim. In 712 A.D.the conquest of Sind by the Arabs was not a major conquest, but of course it laid the foundation of Islam religion in India. The Arabs did not bring about any new system of administration. Qasim established good

administrative structure, peace and order in the places he conquered. He respected other religions, though there were instances of poor Hindus being converted to Muslims. The reason being, he helped the poor people who were impressed by his ruling policies, which made them embrace Islam. During his rule, the Hindu and Buddhist spiritualists were given stipends.

RULERS
Habib ibn Muhalab...................................715 - ?
Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili
Bilal ibn Ahwaz
Junaid ibn Abd ar-Rahman
Tamim ibn Zaid al-'Utbi..........................c. 728 - c. 730
al-Hakam ibn Awanah al-Qalbi.....................c. 730 - c. 740
Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Taqafi..........c. 740 - c. 744
Sulayman ibn Salim al-Qalbi......................c. 745 - c. 747
al-Mansur ibn Jamhur al-Qalbi....................c. 748 - c. 751
Amirs of Sindh under the Abbasid Caliphate
Muhammad II ibn Azi(z)...................................c. fl. 800
Daud ibn Yazid al-Muhallabi.....................c. 800 - c. 820
Bashar ibn Daud al-Muhallabi....................c. 820 - c. 826
Hajjib ibn Salih................................c. 826 - c. 828
Yahya....................................................ca. fl. 830
Musa al-Barmaki.................................c. 831 - c. 836
Jabir ibn al-Ash’ath.....................................c. 850s
HIBARI (or HABBARID, AMIRS OF SIND)
Umar I ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari.......................854 - 874
Abdallah ibn Umar.............................................after 900
Umar II al-Hibbari......................................912 - 913
Ahmad...............................................c. 1010 - c. 1040
al-Muzaffar.........................................c. 1040 - c. 1050
al-Mansur...........................................c. 1040 - c. 1050
al-Mu'tazz....................................................ca. 1030s/1040s ?